scholarly journals Resistivity structure in the western part of the fault rupture zone associated with the 1999 İzmit earthquake and its seismogenic implication

2003 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 437-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Tank ◽  
Y. Honkura ◽  
Y. Ogawa ◽  
N. Oshiman ◽  
M. K. Tunçer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rupture Zone ◽  
Resistivity Structure ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
Izmit Earthquake

scholarly journals Spatial variation of the stress field along the fault rupture zone of the 1999 Izmit earthquake

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pınar ◽  
S.B. Üçer ◽  
Y. Honkura ◽  
N. Sezgin ◽  
A. Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Field ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Rupture Zone ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
Izmit Earthquake

scholarly journals Width of surface rupture zone for thrust earthquakes: implications for earthquake fault zoning

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Boncio ◽  
Francesca Liberi ◽  
Martina Caldarella ◽  
Fiia-Charlotta Nurminen
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Hanging Wall ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Rupture Zone ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Thrust Faults ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Surface Ruptures ◽  
Fault Displacement

Abstract. The criteria for zoning the surface fault rupture hazard (SFRH) along thrust faults are defined by analysing the characteristics of the areas of coseismic surface faulting in thrust earthquakes. Normal and strike–slip faults have been deeply studied by other authors concerning the SFRH, while thrust faults have not been studied with comparable attention. Surface faulting data were compiled for 11 well-studied historic thrust earthquakes occurred globally (5.4 ≤ M ≤ 7.9). Several different types of coseismic fault scarps characterize the analysed earthquakes, depending on the topography, fault geometry and near-surface materials (simple and hanging wall collapse scarps, pressure ridges, fold scarps and thrust or pressure ridges with bending-moment or flexural-slip fault ruptures due to large-scale folding). For all the earthquakes, the distance of distributed ruptures from the principal fault rupture (r) and the width of the rupture zone (WRZ) were compiled directly from the literature or measured systematically in GIS-georeferenced published maps. Overall, surface ruptures can occur up to large distances from the main fault ( ∼ 2150 m on the footwall and  ∼  3100 m on the hanging wall). Most of the ruptures occur on the hanging wall, preferentially in the vicinity of the principal fault trace ( >   ∼  50 % at distances  <   ∼  250 m). The widest WRZ are recorded where sympathetic slip (Sy) on distant faults occurs, and/or where bending-moment (B-M) or flexural-slip (F-S) fault ruptures, associated with large-scale folds (hundreds of metres to kilometres in wavelength), are present. A positive relation between the earthquake magnitude and the total WRZ is evident, while a clear correlation between the vertical displacement on the principal fault and the total WRZ is not found. The distribution of surface ruptures is fitted with probability density functions, in order to define a criterion to remove outliers (e.g. 90 % probability of the cumulative distribution function) and define the zone where the likelihood of having surface ruptures is the highest. This might help in sizing the zones of SFRH during seismic microzonation (SM) mapping. In order to shape zones of SFRH, a very detailed earthquake geologic study of the fault is necessary (the highest level of SM, i.e. Level 3 SM according to Italian guidelines). In the absence of such a very detailed study (basic SM, i.e. Level 1 SM of Italian guidelines) a width of  ∼  840 m (90 % probability from "simple thrust" database of distributed ruptures, excluding B-M, F-S and Sy fault ruptures) is suggested to be sufficiently precautionary. For more detailed SM, where the fault is carefully mapped, one must consider that the highest SFRH is concentrated in a narrow zone,  ∼ 60 m in width, that should be considered as a fault avoidance zone (more than one-third of the distributed ruptures are expected to occur within this zone). The fault rupture hazard zones should be asymmetric compared to the trace of the principal fault. The average footwall to hanging wall ratio (FW  :  HW) is close to 1  :  2 in all analysed cases. These criteria are applicable to "simple thrust" faults, without considering possible B-M or F-S fault ruptures due to large-scale folding, and without considering sympathetic slip on distant faults. Areas potentially susceptible to B-M or F-S fault ruptures should have their own zones of fault rupture hazard that can be defined by detailed knowledge of the structural setting of the area (shape, wavelength, tightness and lithology of the thrust-related large-scale folds) and by geomorphic evidence of past secondary faulting. Distant active faults, potentially susceptible to sympathetic triggering, should be zoned as separate principal faults. The entire database of distributed ruptures (including B-M, F-S and Sy fault ruptures) can be useful in poorly known areas, in order to assess the extent of the area within which potential sources of fault displacement hazard can be present. The results from this study and the database made available in the Supplement can be used for improving the attenuation relationships for distributed faulting, with possible applications in probabilistic studies of fault displacement hazard.

scholarly journals Surface Fault Rupture and Slip Distribution of the Jordan-Kekerengu-Needles Fault Network during the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jesse Kearse
Keyword(s):  
Ground Surface ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Rupture Zone ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
Slip Direction ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Linear Features ◽  
Surface Rupture Zone ◽  
Kaikoura Earthquake

<p>During the 2016, Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake the Kekerengu fault ruptured the ground surface producing a maximum of ~12 m of net displacement (dextral-slip with minor reverse- slip), one of the largest five co-seismic surface rupture displacements so far observed globally. This thesis presents the first combined onshore to offshore dataset of co-seismic ground-surface and vertical seabed displacements along a near-continuous ~83 km long strike-slip dominated earthquake surface rupture of large slip magnitude. Onshore on the Kekerengu, Jordan Thrust, Upper Kowhai, and Manakau faults, we measured the displacement of 117 cultural and natural markers in the field and using airborne LiDAR data. Offshore on the dextral-reverse Needles fault, multibeam bathymetric and high-resolution seismic reflection data image a throw of the seabed of up to 3.5±0.2 m. Mean net slip on the total ~83 km rupture was 5.5±1 m, this is an unusually large mean slip for the rupture length compared to global strike-slip surface ruptures. Surveyed linear features that extend across the entire surface rupture zone show that it varies in width from 13 to 122 m. These cultural features also reveal the across-strike distribution of lateral displacement, 80% of which is, on average, concentrated within the central 43% of the rupture zone. Combining the near-field measurements of fault offset with published, far-field InSAR, continuous GPS, and coastal deformation data, suggests partitioning of oblique plate convergence, with a significant portion of co-seismic contractional deformation (and uplift) being accommodated off-fault in the hanging-wall crust to the northwest of the main rupturing faults.  This thesis also documents in detail the onshore extent of surface fault rupture on the Kekerengu, Jordan Thrust, Upper Kowhai and Manakau faults. I present large-scale maps (up to 1:3,000) and documentary field photographs of this 53 km-long onshore surface rupture zone utilizing field data, post-earthquake LiDAR-derived Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), and post-earthquake ortho-rectified aerial photography. Ground deformation data is most detailed near the Marlborough coast where the 2016 rupture trace is well-exposed on agricultural grassland on the Kekerengu fault. In the southwest, where surface fault rupture traversed the alpine slopes of the Seaward Kaikoura ranges, fault mapping relied heavily on the LiDAR-derived DEMs.   At 24 sites along the Kekerengu fault, I document co-seismic wear striae that were formed during the earthquake and were preserved on free face fault exposures. Nearly all of these striae were distinctly curved along their length, demonstrating that the direction of near-surface fault slip changed with time during rupture of the Kekerengu fault. Co-seismic displacement on the Kekerengu fault initiated as oblique-dextral (mainly dextral-reverse), and subsequently rotated to become nearly-pure dextral slip. These slip trajectories agree with directions of net displacements derived from offset linear features at nearby sites. Temporal rotation of the slip direction may suggest a state of low shear stress on the Kekerengu fault before the earthquake, and a near-complete reduction in stress during the earthquake, as has been inferred for other historic earthquakes that show evidence for changing slip direction with time.</p>

Landslides Triggered by the 2002 Denali Fault, Alaska, Earthquake and the Inferred Nature of the Strong Shaking

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall W. Jibson ◽  
Edwin L. Harp ◽  
William Schulz ◽  
David K. Keefer
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Rupture Zone ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
Rock Falls ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Denali Fault ◽  
Rock Avalanches ◽  
Landslide Distribution ◽  
Alaska Earthquake

The 2002 M7.9 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake triggered thousands of landslides, primarily rock falls and rock slides, that ranged in volume from rock falls of a few cubic meters to rock avalanches having volumes as great as 15×106m3. The pattern of landsliding was unusual; the number of slides was less than expected for an earthquake of this magnitude, and the landslides were concentrated in a narrow zone 30-km wide that straddled the fault rupture over its entire 300-km length. The large rock avalanches all clustered along the western third of the rupture zone where acceleration levels and ground-shaking frequencies are thought to have been the highest. Inferences about near-field strong shaking characteristics drawn from the interpretation of the landslide distribution are consistent with results of recent inversion modeling that indicate high-frequency energy generation was greatest in the western part of the fault rupture zone and decreased markedly to the east.

Study on the Vertical Rational Structure of Tunnel Lining in the Fault-Rupture Zone

2011 ◽  
Vol 368-373 ◽  
pp. 2870-2874
Author(s):  
De Wu Li
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Internal Force ◽  
Surrounding Rock ◽  
Tunnel Lining ◽  
Rupture Zone ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
Finite Element Program ◽  
Element Program ◽  
Initial Support ◽  
In The Beginning

Related to the actual project in the new Qi Daoliang tunnel between Lanzhou and Lintao highway, select 300-meter calculation range along the tunnel vertically including fault-rupture zone and effect fault-rupture zone, utilize 8 -node, 6-plane block element to scatter the calculating range, at the same time, use the deduced 8 -node, three dimensional jointed element to imitate the transformation gap of the tunnel lining, employ three-dimensional elasto-plastic static finite element program to analyze stress and transformation state of surrounding rock and lining in different construction stages of the new Qi Daoliang tunnel. Through the analysis and comparison of the calculation result of the three conditions: not placing transformation gap through, placing one transformation gap in the middle of the fault-rupture zone, placing two transformation gaps in the beginning and the end of the fault-rupture zone etc, we can get the following points: ①The gallery transformation in the fault-rupture zone and the plastic area in the surrounding rock are obviously bigger than the non-fault-rupture zone. ②Owing to the effect of fault-rupture zone, the increasing range of internal force of the initial support and twice lining is about 10% to 30%. ③Placing the transformation gap in the fault-rupture zone can obviously play a role in releasing lining internal force and transformation energy in the surrounding rock. ④In the start and end changing point of fault-rupture zone, the transformation gap should be placed in the tunnel lining.

Spatial variation of aftershock activity across the rupture zone of the 17 August 1999 Izmit earthquake, Turkey

2004 ◽  
Vol 391 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Aktar ◽  
S. Özalaybey ◽  
M. Ergin ◽  
H. Karabulut ◽  
M.-P. Bouin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Rupture Zone ◽  
Aftershock Activity ◽  
Izmit Earthquake

scholarly journals Rapid changes in the electrical state of the 1999 Izmit earthquake rupture zone

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshimori Honkura ◽  
Naoto Oshiman ◽  
Masaki Matsushima ◽  
Şerif Barış ◽  
Mustafa Kemal Tunçer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rupture Zone ◽  
Earthquake Rupture ◽  
Izmit Earthquake ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Electrical State

scholarly journals Surface Fault Rupture and Slip Distribution of the Jordan-Kekerengu-Needles Fault Network during the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jesse Kearse
Keyword(s):  
Ground Surface ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Rupture Zone ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
Slip Direction ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Linear Features ◽  
Surface Rupture Zone ◽  
Kaikoura Earthquake

<p>During the 2016, Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake the Kekerengu fault ruptured the ground surface producing a maximum of ~12 m of net displacement (dextral-slip with minor reverse- slip), one of the largest five co-seismic surface rupture displacements so far observed globally. This thesis presents the first combined onshore to offshore dataset of co-seismic ground-surface and vertical seabed displacements along a near-continuous ~83 km long strike-slip dominated earthquake surface rupture of large slip magnitude. Onshore on the Kekerengu, Jordan Thrust, Upper Kowhai, and Manakau faults, we measured the displacement of 117 cultural and natural markers in the field and using airborne LiDAR data. Offshore on the dextral-reverse Needles fault, multibeam bathymetric and high-resolution seismic reflection data image a throw of the seabed of up to 3.5±0.2 m. Mean net slip on the total ~83 km rupture was 5.5±1 m, this is an unusually large mean slip for the rupture length compared to global strike-slip surface ruptures. Surveyed linear features that extend across the entire surface rupture zone show that it varies in width from 13 to 122 m. These cultural features also reveal the across-strike distribution of lateral displacement, 80% of which is, on average, concentrated within the central 43% of the rupture zone. Combining the near-field measurements of fault offset with published, far-field InSAR, continuous GPS, and coastal deformation data, suggests partitioning of oblique plate convergence, with a significant portion of co-seismic contractional deformation (and uplift) being accommodated off-fault in the hanging-wall crust to the northwest of the main rupturing faults.  This thesis also documents in detail the onshore extent of surface fault rupture on the Kekerengu, Jordan Thrust, Upper Kowhai and Manakau faults. I present large-scale maps (up to 1:3,000) and documentary field photographs of this 53 km-long onshore surface rupture zone utilizing field data, post-earthquake LiDAR-derived Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), and post-earthquake ortho-rectified aerial photography. Ground deformation data is most detailed near the Marlborough coast where the 2016 rupture trace is well-exposed on agricultural grassland on the Kekerengu fault. In the southwest, where surface fault rupture traversed the alpine slopes of the Seaward Kaikoura ranges, fault mapping relied heavily on the LiDAR-derived DEMs.   At 24 sites along the Kekerengu fault, I document co-seismic wear striae that were formed during the earthquake and were preserved on free face fault exposures. Nearly all of these striae were distinctly curved along their length, demonstrating that the direction of near-surface fault slip changed with time during rupture of the Kekerengu fault. Co-seismic displacement on the Kekerengu fault initiated as oblique-dextral (mainly dextral-reverse), and subsequently rotated to become nearly-pure dextral slip. These slip trajectories agree with directions of net displacements derived from offset linear features at nearby sites. Temporal rotation of the slip direction may suggest a state of low shear stress on the Kekerengu fault before the earthquake, and a near-complete reduction in stress during the earthquake, as has been inferred for other historic earthquakes that show evidence for changing slip direction with time.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document