Fault gouge dating: history and evolution

Clay Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Vrolijk ◽  
David Pevear ◽  
Michael Covey ◽  
Allan LaRiviere
Keyword(s):  
Radiometric Dating ◽  
Thrust Belts ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
Absolute Dating ◽  
Process Studies ◽  
Encapsulation Method ◽  
Absolute Age ◽  
Fault Gouges ◽  
Fault Gouge Dating ◽  
Further Development

ABSTRACTRadiometric dating of fault gouges has become a useful tool for regional tectonics studies and for exploring and understanding fault and earthquake processes. Methods to define the absolute age of faults achieved a solid scientific foundation almost 25 years ago when the development and application of illite age analysis for investigating sedimentary burial and thermal histories found a new potential application – defining the age of fold-and-thrust development. Since then, the methods have benefitted from further development and incorporation of the 40Ar/39Ar micro-encapsulation method and quantitative clay mineral evaluation to distinguish polytypes (Wildfire). These refinements to the methods have improved their application in fold-and-thrust terrains and have opened up applications in normal and strike-slip fault environments. Another important development is the use of absolute dating methods in retrograde clay gouges in which clays in a fault develop from igneous or metamorphic wall rocks that contain no clays. In addition, the method has also been shown to be useful at dating folds in fold-and-thrust belts. We think the method is now an established part of the geological toolkit, look forward to future fault structural and tectonic studies that incorporate fault ages and hope that researchers continue to probe and discover ways that the method can assist fault process studies, including earthquake fault studies.

Multi-proxy studies of the Late Glacial fluvio-aeolian succession in the type site Mierzyn, central Poland 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moska Piotr ◽  
Sokołowski Robert ◽  
Jary Zdzisław ◽  
Zieliński Paweł ◽  
Raczyk Jerzy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Luminescence Dating ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
Depositional Processes ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
Absolute Dating ◽  
Absolute Age ◽  
Pedogenic Processes

<p>Multi-proxy studies (including sedimentological, pedological, radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating methods) were used to establish origin and chronology of depositional processes in the type section Mierzyn, central Poland. The investigated key site is located in the extraglacial zone of the Last Glaciation, ca. 130 km to the south from the Last Glacial Maximum in the Luciąża river valley area. In the studied profile (16 m thick) two lithofacial complexes were identified. The lower, fluvio-aeolian complex consists of silty-sandy sediments (1.6 m) deposited. The final phase of fluvio-aeolian deposition is expressed by initial pedogenic processes. Above is located aeolian complex (13 m of thickness). Three aeolian units are separated by two palaeosols.</p><p>To establish stratigraphic framework of depositional and pedogenic processes, four samples for radiocarbon dating from palaeosols and twelve samples for OSL dating from sandy units were collected. The obtained results reveal very good agreement of both absolute dating methods. It led to reconstruct chronology of main palaeoenvironmental changes. The fluvio-aeolian complex and the lowermost part of aeolian complex (below the lower palaeosol) were deposited in the Oldest Dryas in relatively cool and dry climate conditions. The amelioration of climate in the Bølling interstadial caused development of pedogenic processes expressed by 0.3 m thick palaeosol. Main part of aeolian complex (10 m of thickness) was deposited in the Older Dryas. The upper palaeosol developed in the Allerød interstadial as a result of the next amelioration of the climate. During the Younger Dryas was deposited the uppermost part of aeolian complex.</p><p>Classic development of fluvial to- aeolian succession in the Mierzyn site as well as detailed chronology based on two independent absolute age methods reveal that it can be treated as stratotype for the Late Glacial and correlated with other type sections in the Central and Western Europe.</p><p><strong>Ackowledgments</strong></p><p>Presented results were obtained with support of Polish National Science Centre, contract number 2018/30/E/ST10/00616.</p><p> </p>

Age Determination in Lake Deposits

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Age Determination ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Reflection Seismic ◽  
Gray Area ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
Absolute Dating ◽  
Absolute Age ◽  
Lake Deposits ◽  
Seismic Lines

It is almost impossible to overemphasize the importance of good chronological control to paleolimnology. Age control allows us to determine rates of processes and fluxes of materials, and to test hypotheses of linkage between archives and hypothesized external controls of those archives. Geologists differentiate between relative age versus absolute dating methods. Relative age determinations are based on the concepts of superposition (older sediments are on the bottom, in the absence of tectonic disturbance) and lithological correlation. In contrast, absolute dating methods are done without necessary reference to other analyses or locations, to produce an age determination (i.e., 100,000 yr before present). Some methods, such as paleomagnetics, amino acid racemization, and biostratigraphy, lie in a gray area between these two, providing absolute dates or age ranges in certain circumstances and relative age constraints in others. In this book, I will refer to the general study of both relative and absolute age determination as geochronology, and use the term geochronometry to refer to absolute dating. Lithological correlation involves matching similar lithologies between outcrop or core localities, allowing a network of age relationships to be established between various sites. This can be done at any scale, from within a lake to intercontinental, although lithostratigraphical correlations based on core or outcrop observations are most commonly useful only at a local, intrabasinal level. Correlation within basins is often achieved using reflection seismic stratigraphy. Depositional or unconformity surfaces can normally be recognized on seismic lines that extend over the scale of individual sub-basins to entire lakes (Nelson et al., 1994; Lezzar et al., 1996; Van Rensbergen et al., 1998). When dated cores are obtained or outcrops studied along these seismic lines, a correlation network can be established, with probable ages attached to specific seismic horizons. Intrabasinal correlation can also be done by correlating distinctive patterns of change in features such as magnetic intensity, patterns of stable isotopic change in sediments, or biostratigraphical markers, that may be consistent across a lake basin. Sometimes, relative correlations can be made between lakes.

scholarly journals Radiometric Dating of Young and Old Calcrete

Radiocarbon ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 795-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mebus A. Geyh ◽  
Bernhard Eitel
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Radiometric Dating ◽  
Host Material ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Uranium Series ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
Absolute Dating ◽  
Independent Technique ◽  
Radiometric Ages ◽  
The Relationship

To obtain a better understanding of the relationship between calcrete genesis and the results of different absolute dating methods, thermoluminescence (TL), radiocarbon (14C) and uranium/thorium (U/Th) were applied to coeval sample; take from a very young calcrete profile in Namibia. The methodically different ages reflect the characteristics of the applied dating methods, the genetics of calcrete and different events of calcrete genesis. The conventional 14C ages and the TL dates cover the last 50 ka, while the corresponding U/Th dates of coeval samples are many times larger, Uranium-series dates are not related to the deposition of the host material or to its cementation if the ages are smaller than ca. 120 ka. The TL clock is set to zero during eolian transport and the corresponding radiometric ages of the quartz and feldspar grains date the time of their deposition. The 14C ages of the cement correspond, on the other hand, to a time shortly after the onset of the cementation and long before its termination. In the case of very old calcrete, the mixture of young and old cement results in ambiguous ages if they cannot be confirmed by an independent technique.

Radiometric dating methods

2012 ◽  
pp. 58-104
Author(s):  
Claude J. Allegre ◽  
Christopher Sutcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Radiometric Dating ◽  
Dating Methods

Geoarchaeology of the Midland (Paleoindian) Site, Texas

1996 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vance T. Holliday ◽  
David J. Meltzer
Keyword(s):  
Human Remains ◽  
Radiometric Dating ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Dune Field ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Human Bones ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
Lacustrine Carbonate ◽  
New Type ◽  
Numerical Dating

In 1953 human remains and a new type of Paleoindian artifact were discovered eroding from a "blowout" in a small dune field along Monahans Draw, near Midland, Texas, on the Southern High Plains. The projectile points became the type “Midland” collection. Stratigraphy, radiometric dating, paleontology, and geochemistry suggested that the artifacts and bones dated to at least 10,000 B.P. and that the human remains were possibly as old as 20,000 B.P. The researchers believed that the human bones were from below a red sand that in turn was below a Folsom occupation. The dating of the human remains has long been problematic, however, and recent attempts to apply U-series dating further confuse the story. Geoarchaeological investigations were carried out at the site from 1989 to 1992 to reevaluate the geochronology, with particular reference to the age of the skeletal material. We reach several conclusions: (1) there are two Red Sands; (2) the human remains are from below the upper Red Sand, but the Folsom material is from above the lower Red Sand and, therefore, the Red Sand stratigraphy is not relevant to the age of the human remains; (3) the human remains were associated with the valley-margin facies of a lacustrine carbonate that is well dated in the region and rarely is > 10,000 B.P.; and (4) all numerical dating methods applied at the site produced unreliable results. We find no compelling evidence that the human remains from the Midland site are older than Folsom age; they may be contemporary with or younger than the Folsom occupation.

scholarly journals On the age of the Dej Tuff, Transylvanian Basin (Romania)

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Szakács ◽  
Zoltán Pécskay ◽  
Lóránd Silye ◽  
Kadosa Balogh ◽  
Daniela Vlad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fission Track ◽  
Radiometric Dating ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Multiple Methods ◽  
Dating Methods

On the age of the Dej Tuff, Transylvanian Basin (Romania)The Dej Tuff is an important stratigraphic marker in the Transylvanian Basin. However, its Early Badenian age is known only on biostratigraphical grounds so far. A number of radiometric dating techniques including K-Ar, Ar-Ar and fission-track have been used in order to constrain more precisely its age, allowing the calibration of the Transylvanian Basin's evolutionary models. Although individual dating methods could not provide a unique, reliable and accurate radiometric age, comparison and evaluation of multiple methods gives 14.8-15.1 Ma as the most likely formation age of the Dej Tuff.

scholarly journals Mortar Dating Methodology: Assessing Recurrent Issues and Needs for Further Research

Radiocarbon ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1859-1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roald Hayen ◽  
Mark Van Strydonck ◽  
Laurent Fontaine ◽  
Mathieu Boudin ◽  
Alf Lindroos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Optically Stimulated Luminescence ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
Absolute Dating ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Intercomparison Study ◽  
Sample Preparation Methods ◽  
Historic Stone

AbstractAbsolute dating of mortars is crucial when trying to pin down construction phases of archaeological sites and historic stone buildings to a certain point in time or to confirm, but possibly also challenge, existing chronologies. To evaluate various sample preparation methods for radiocarbon (14C) dating of mortars as well as to compare different dating methods, i.e. 14C and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), a mortar dating intercomparison study (MODIS) was set up, exploring existing limits and needs for further research. Four mortar samples were selected and distributed among the participating laboratories: one of which was expected not to present any problem related to the sample preparation methodologies for anthropogenic lime extraction, whereas all others addressed specific known sample preparation issues. Data obtained from the various mortar dating approaches are evaluated relative to the historical framework of the mortar samples and any deviation observed is contextualized to the composition and specific mineralogy of the sampled material.

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