‘Carnegie Offered Money and a Lot of South Wales Refused to Have It: It Was Blood Money’ Bringing Public Libraries to the South Wales Valleys 1870 to 1939

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Baggs
Keyword(s):  
Public Libraries ◽  
The South ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Blood Money

Thematic mapping of the abandoned mining hazard: a pilot study for the South Wales Coalfield

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Statham ◽  
C. Golightly ◽  
G. Treharne
Keyword(s):  
Back Analysis ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Mining Subsidence ◽  
Present Condition ◽  
Opencast Mining ◽  
The South ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Method Of Production

AbstractThe Department of the Environment and the Welsh Office jointly sponsored a South Wales Desk Study into the feasibility of producing thematic maps of the Mining subsidence risk for planners. A method was to be developed and tested for a 25 km2 Pilot Area centred on Ebbw Vale.The study was started by collecting geological and mining data for the Pilot Area and compiling this information on a map. It was then intended to prepare the mining subsidence map from this map by back analysing subsidence incidents to determine the hazardous areas. This simple approach could not be followed for two reasons. First, the record of mining was incomplete and it was therefore necessary to define ‘worked’ seams and areas from the total historical record and not only from the surviving mine plans. Secondly, insufficient subsidence incidents were discovered in the Pilot Area to carry out meaningful back analysis.The study was extended to collect all readily available records of subsidence incidents throughout the Coalfield. A total of 388 were traced, mainly dating from 1960. About threequarters were collapses through superficial materials and were either close to the outcrop or above mine entries, the remaining 25% propagated to the ground surface through rock. The upper limit of migration was typically 8 times the extracted height where the dip was shallow, incrasing to as much as 18 times for steep dips. Selected grout contracts and opencast mining sites were also examined to gain information on the present condition of old workings and to study the ‘reputations’ of the various seams for voids.The results of the coalfield study were applied to the Pilot Area to produce a 1:10 000 scale Development Advice Map, ‘Mining Subsidence for use by developers and planners’. The map is zoned to show areas where specialist advice is necessary to support a planning application and it also shows all mine entries traced by the desk study. The method of production is general for the South Wales Coalfield and further maps could be prepared, using the Coalfield Study, quickly and cheaply.

Soil organic matter and microbiological development of technosols in the South Wales Coalfield

CATENA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 201 ◽  
pp. 105203
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Filcheva ◽  
Mariana Hristova ◽  
Martin Haigh ◽  
Boika Malcheva ◽  
Maya Noustorova
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
The South ◽  
South Wales

A Reinterpretation of the Microlithic Industries of Wales

1963 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 99-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
North Wales ◽  
River Valleys

The distribution of Mesolithic sites in Wales is controlled to a great extent by the terrain, for physiographically, Wales is a highland block defined on three sides by the sea and for the greater part of the fourth side by a sharp break of slope. Geologically the Principality is composed almost entirely of Palaeozoic rocks, of which the 600-foot contour encloses more than three quarters of the total area. There are extensive regions above 1,500 feet and 2,000 feet and in the north the peaks of Snowdonia and Cader Idris rise to 3,560 feet and 2,929 feet respectively. Indeed North Wales consists of an inhospitable highland massif, skirted by a lowland plateau and cut deeply by river valleys, providing only limited areas for settlement. The hills and mountains of Snowdonia with their extension at lower altitudes into the Lleyn Peninsula, and the ranges of Moelwyn, Manod Mawr, Arenig Fach and Cader Idris, are discouraging obstacles to penetration, save for a short distance along the river valleys. To the east of these peaks are extensive tracts of upland plateau dissected by rivers, bounded on the west by the vale of the river Conway and cleft by the Vale of Clwyd. To the east of this valley lies the Clwydian Range and further again to the east these uplands descend with milder contours to the Cheshire and Shropshire plains.To the south the district merges into the uplands of Central Wales, which are continuous until they are replaced by the lowland belt of South Wales.

scholarly journals On the Geology of the Beaufort and Ebbw Vale District of the South Wales Coal-Field

The Geologist ◽  
1858 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 124-129
Author(s):  
George Phillips Bevan
Keyword(s):  
Bituminous Coal ◽  
Health It ◽  
Coal Field ◽  
The South ◽  
Great Demand ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Burning Coal ◽  
Coal Measures ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
General Appearance

In my former paper I endeavoured to describe the general appearance and characteristics of the limestone, millstone grit, and Pennant rocks of this coal-field, and shall now proceed to give a brief outline of the coal measures themselves and their fossil contents. As I stated before, the character of the coal is materially different in different parts of the basin; for instance, if a line be drawn from Merthyr to the sea in a south-western direction, it will divide the basin into two unequal portions, the eastern one containing bituminous coal, and the western the anthracite. I do not mean to say that there is an exact line of demarcation between the two kinds of coal, but merely that such a boundary will seem to show pretty well where the two qualities pass into one another. Curiously enough, too, in the western or anthracite portion the seams are anthracitic in the northern bassets, while the southern outcrops of the same veins are bituminous. The anthracite is now in very great demand; but, formerly, people would have nothing to do with it, and there was even a law passed to prevent its being burned in London, on account of its supposed noxious qualities, and the idea that it was detrimental to health. It differs from the bituminous coal principally in containing more carbon, less bituminous matter, and less ashes; and, as a consequence, is a much cleaner-burning coal. We may, however, dismiss the anthracite, as this portion of the field is destitute of it.

Cycad killer, qu'est-ce que c'est? Dieback of Macrozamia communis on the south coast of New South Wales

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Keith L. McDougall ◽  
Penelope J. Gullan ◽  
Phil Craven ◽  
Genevieve T. Wright ◽  
Lyn G. Cook
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
The South ◽  
Extreme Caution ◽  
South Wales

The association of an armoured scale insect (a diaspidid) with dieback of a population of a native cycad (Macrozamia communis L.A.S.Johnson) was investigated on the south coast of New South Wales. The diaspidid was found to be undescribed but morphologically similar to oleander scale – here we call it Aspidiotus cf. nerii. It is probably native to Australasia and its current known distribution is within Murramarang National Park (MNP). Aspidiotus cf. nerii has been abundant on symptomatic M. communis at MNP over at least the past decade and has spread to new parts of the park. In population studies of infested and uninfested areas we found that, although both areas had populations with reverse J curves showing dominance of seedlings, mortality of seedlings and caulescent plants was significantly higher in infested sites. Infested areas had been burnt less frequently than uninfested areas. Fire does not appear to eradicate the diaspidid but may reduce its effects enough for plants to recover. We recommend further research into the use of fire as a management tool. Although other factors may be contributing to the severity of the dieback, we suggest there is sufficient evidence for the diaspidid to be regarded as the primary cause of dieback in M. communis in MNP, regardless of its origin. Given the occurrence of similar diaspidids on cultivated plants in botanic gardens, translocation of threatened Macrozamia species using plants grown in nurseries should be undertaken with extreme caution.

Cumulative reproductive performance effect on overall lifetime productivity in Merino sheep

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1470
Author(s):  
J. S. Richards ◽  
M. A. Sladek ◽  
G. J. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
New South ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The South ◽  
Performance Effect ◽  
South West ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Effect Of Age

Reproduction is an important driver of profitability in commercial sheep flocks. Historically, Merino flocks have been run with a fixed age structure, ignoring individual merit and casting for age at a specific age. More recently, research has focussed on utilising the variation within age groups by keeping productive older ewes longer and culling less productive ewes earlier. Previous studies have also examined the effect of age on reproduction and the impact of reproduction status on productivity, but little research has been conducted on cumulative effects of reproductive performance on later productivity, reproduction and health. The present study examined the impact of higher lifetime reproduction on other key production and fitness traits in older ewes run under commercial conditions. Data were collected from two commercial wool-producing properties in the South West Slopes and the Central West Plains of New South Wales during 2009–2011. Reproduction, fleece measurements, bodyweight and condition and dental health were recorded during the study. The results showed that age had a bigger effect on productivity and dental health than did cumulative lifetime reproduction. Environment and genetics determined the level of impact, with minimal loss in productivity from increased age of animals occurring in the South West Slopes flock, whereas the Central West Plains flock would appear to require closer monitoring of productivity as ewes aged. The data collected did not allow separation of the genetic and environmental influences within the study. Retaining animals with a higher reproductive performance past normal culling age does not necessarily result in reduction of productivity or ewe health, but this must be monitored.

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