Use of Imaging Spectroscopy and in situ Analytical Methods for the Characterization of the Materials and Techniques of 15th Century Illuminated Manuscripts

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Ricciardi ◽  
John K. Delaney ◽  
Michelle Facini ◽  
Lisha Glinsman
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Imaging Spectroscopy ◽  
Illuminated Manuscripts ◽  
15Th Century

Near Infrared Reflectance Imaging Spectroscopy to Map Paint Binders In Situ on Illuminated Manuscripts

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (23) ◽  
pp. 5607-5610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Ricciardi ◽  
John K. Delaney ◽  
Michelle Facini ◽  
Jason G. Zeibel ◽  
Marcello Picollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Imaging Spectroscopy ◽  
Illuminated Manuscripts ◽  
Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Reflectance Imaging Spectroscopy ◽  
Paint Binders

The conservation of medieval manuscript illuminations: A chemical perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria J. Melo ◽  
Paula Nabais ◽  
Rita Araújo ◽  
Tatiana Vitorino
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Illuminated Manuscripts ◽  
Medieval Manuscript ◽  
Medieval Manuscripts ◽  
Iron Gall ◽  
Restoration Measures

Abstract Illuminated manuscripts are the most abundant and well-preserved surviving medieval cultural artefacts. Created to contain sacred texts, their visual structure allows the reader to identify divisions and delight in their beautiful ornamentation and iconography. Western European manuscripts were written on parchment, which was the main writing support in the Middle Ages prior to the rise of paper production in the fourteenth–fifteenth centuries. Highly functional, durable animal skins were also used in medieval bookbinding (covers) and have been crucial in the preservation of the illuminations. These illuminations make wonderful use of form and colour. This chapter focuses on recent advances in the molecular characterization of these colours, used in medieval manuscripts produced by Western Europeans, and the challenges inherent in analysing materials that are intrinsically heterogeneous. We then discuss how molecular characterization may reveal conservation conditions and extend our analysis to parchment and iron gall inks. Finally, we address the challenges and possibilities for this flourishing field of research. In short, we show in this chapter how analytical methods are used: – To understand how medieval illumination colours were made and what palette defines them; – To predict original colours and to understand why certain colours have remained in excellent condition, preserving both adherence and luminosity, while others have changed over the centuries; – To assess deterioration (paints, parchment, writing inks) with the goal of determining what potential restoration measures could be taken, after careful consideration.

scholarly journals Near-UV to mid-IR reflectance imaging spectroscopy of paintings on the macroscale

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. eaaw7794 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gabrieli ◽  
K. A. Dooley ◽  
M. Facini ◽  
J. K. Delaney
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Imaging Spectroscopy ◽  
Illuminated Manuscripts ◽  
Italian Renaissance ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Robust Identification ◽  
Near Ir ◽  
Ir Reflectance ◽  
Reflectance Imaging Spectroscopy

Broad spectral range reflectance imaging spectroscopy (BR-RIS) from the near UV through the mid–infrared (IR) (350 to 25,000 nm or 28,571 to 400 cm−1) was investigated as an imaging modality to provide maps of organic and inorganic artists’ materials in paintings. While visible–to–near-IR (NIR) reflectance and elemental x-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging spectroscopies have been used for in situ mapping, each method alone is insufficient for robust identification. Combining the two improves results but requires complex data processing. To test BR-RIS, image cubes from early Italian Renaissance illuminated manuscripts were acquired using two spectrometers. Maps of pigments, including trace minerals associated with mined azurite, and their associated binding media were made. BR-RIS has a more straightforward analysis approach as implemented here than visible-to-NIR, mid-IR, or XRF imaging spectroscopy alone and offers the largest amount of macroscale information for mapping artists’ materials by comparison.

Near Infrared Reflectance Imaging Spectroscopy to Map Paint Binders In Situ on Illuminated Manuscripts

2012 ◽  
Vol 124 (23) ◽  
pp. 5705-5708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Ricciardi ◽  
John K. Delaney ◽  
Michelle Facini ◽  
Jason G. Zeibel ◽  
Marcello Picollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Imaging Spectroscopy ◽  
Illuminated Manuscripts ◽  
Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Reflectance Imaging Spectroscopy ◽  
Paint Binders

Further characterization of SA01 and SA02 zircon reference materials for Si and Zr isotopic compositions via femtosecond laser ablation MC-ICP-MS

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 2192-2201
Author(s):  
Chao Huang ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Hui-Min Yu ◽  
Lan-Ping Feng ◽  
Lie-Wen Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Ablation ◽  
Femtosecond Laser ◽  
Reference Materials ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Femtosecond Laser Ablation ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
Isotopic Data ◽  
Icp Ms

We present Si and Zr isotopic data of SA01 and SA02 zircons via multi-technique analytical methods to evaluate the suitability of the two zircon reference materials for in situ Si and Zr isotopic analysis using fs-LA-MC-ICP-MS.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

A very rapid in situ Kikuchi technique to determine relative crystal misorientation

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 830-831
Author(s):  
J. I. Bennetch
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Superplastic Forming ◽  
The Other ◽  
Kikuchi Pattern ◽  
Kikuchi Line ◽  
Line Analysis

In a recent study of the superplastic forming (SPF) behavior of certain Al-Li-X alloys, the relative misorientation between adjacent (sub)grains proved to be an important parameter. It is well established that the most accurate way to determine misorientation across boundaries is by Kikuchi line analysis. However, the SPF study required the characterization of a large number of (sub)grains in each sample to be statistically meaningful, a very time-consuming task even for comparatively rapid Kikuchi analytical techniques.In order to circumvent this problem, an alternate, even more rapid in-situ Kikuchi technique was devised, eliminating the need for the developing of negatives and any subsequent measurements on photographic plates. All that is required is a double tilt low backlash goniometer capable of tilting ± 45° in one axis and ± 30° in the other axis. The procedure is as follows. While viewing the microscope screen, one merely tilts the specimen until a standard recognizable reference Kikuchi pattern is centered, making sure, at the same time, that the focused electron beam remains on the (sub)grain in question.

Coherent electron nanodiffraction from clean silver nano particles in a UHV STEM

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 1058-1059
Author(s):  
J. Liu ◽  
M. Pan ◽  
G. E. Spinnler
Keyword(s):  
Supported Catalysts ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Shape Structure ◽  
Dynamical Simulations ◽  
Small Metal Particles ◽  
Extract Information

Small metal particles have peculiar chemical and physical properties as compared to bulk materials. They are especially important in catalysis since metal particles are common constituents of supported catalysts. The structural characterization of small particles is of primary importance for the understanding of structure-catalytic activity relationships. The shape and size of metal particles larger than approximately 5 nm in diameter can be determined by several imaging techniques. It is difficult, however, to deduce the shape of smaller metal particles. Coherent electron nanodiffraction (CEND) patterns from nano particles contain information about the particle size, shape, structure and defects etc. As part of an on-going program of STEM characterization of supported catalysts we report some preliminary results of CEND study of Ag nano particles, deposited in situ in a UHV STEM instrument, and compare the experimental results with full dynamical simulations in order to extract information about the shape of Ag nano particles.

Characterization of the glycoconjugates of boar testis and epididymis

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 325-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Calvo ◽  
LM Pastor ◽  
S Bonet ◽  
E Pinart ◽  
M Ventura
Keyword(s):  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Lectin Histochemistry ◽  
Apical Part ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
In Situ Characterization ◽  
Intense Staining ◽  
Terminal Galactose ◽  
Boar Spermatozoa

Lectin histochemistry was used to perform in situ characterization of the glycoconjugates present in boar testis and epididymis. Thirteen horseradish peroxidase- or digoxigenin-labelled lectins were used in samples obtained from healthy fertile boars. The acrosomes of the spermatids were stained intensely by lectins with affinity for galactose and N-acetyl-galactosamine residues, these being soybean, peanut and Ricinus communis agglutinins. Sertoli cells were stained selectively by Maackia ammurensis agglutinin. The lamina propria of seminiferous tubules showed the most intense staining with fucose-binding lectins. The Golgi area and the apical part of the principal cells of the epididymis were stained intensely with many lectins and their distribution was similar in the three zones of the epididymis. On the basis of lectin affinity, both testis and epididymis appear to have N- and O-linked glycoconjugates. Spermatozoa from different epididymal regions showed different expression of terminal galactose and N-acetyl-galactosamine. Sialic acid (specifically alpha2,3 neuraminic-5 acid) was probably incorporated into spermatozoa along the extratesticular ducts. These findings indicate that the development and maturation of boar spermatozoa are accompanied by changes in glycoconjugates. As some lectins stain cellular or extracellular compartments specifically, these lectins could be useful markers in histopathological evaluation of diseases of boar testis and epididymis.

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