scholarly journals Computer-aided microtomography with true 3-D display in electron microscopy.

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
A C Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Floppy Disk ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Video Tape ◽  
Display Device ◽  
On Line ◽  
Areas Of Interest

A novel research system has been designed to permit three-dimensional (3-D) viewing of high resolution image data from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The system consists of front-end primary data acquisition devices, such as TEM and SEM machines, which are equipped with computer-controlled specimen tilt stages. The output from these machines is in analogue form, where a video camera attached to the TEM provides the sequential analogue image output while the SEM direct video output is utilized. A 10 MHz digitizer transforms the video image to a digital array of 512 X 512 pixel units of 8 bits deep-stored in a frame buffer. Digital images from multiple projections are reconstructed into 3-D image boxes in a dedicated computer. Attached to the computer is a powerful true 3-D display device which has hardware for graphic manipulations including tilt and rotate on any axis and for probing the image with a 3-D cursor. Data editing and automatic contouring functions are used to enhance areas of interest, and specialized software is available for measurement of numbers, distances, areas, and volumes. With proper archiving of reconstructed image sequences, a dynamic 3-D presentation is possible. The microtomography system is highly versatile and can process image data on-line or from remote sites from which data records would typically be transported on computer tape, video tape, or floppy disk.

A Computer Graphic Method to Enhance the Display and Interpretation of Three-Dimensional Data

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 540-541
Author(s):  
Kelly A. Dryden
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Refresh Rate ◽  
Raster Graphics ◽  
Digital Equipment Corp ◽  
Complex Structural ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

Three-dimensional density information derived from electron micrographs may reveal complex structural features which are difficult to interpret from one or more two-dimensional views. Displaying a series of static views on a graphics device in quick succession provides an effective means to examine the structure dynamically and in a way which enhances the depth perception.Digital images derived from three-dimensional models are transfered to the memory of a 1280x1024 resolution (8-bit pixel) color raster graphics device (Lexidata 3400, Adage Inc., Billerica, MA) and displayed on a 19 in. color monitor at a 25-30 Hz interlaced refresh rate. Individual pixels are displayed as one of 256 different colors or grey levels from a palette of up to 224—1 combinations. An entire series of images is loaded into the graphics memory in a sequential order, usually in rows. The displayed series is zoomed up to focus on a single frame and separate frames are displayed in appropriate sequence by panning to different regions of the graphics memory. The frequency at which each frame can be displayed is adjustable and only limited by the refresh rate of the monitor. Such dynamic image sequences can be photographed with a standard video camera and replayed on a television monitor with a video cassette recorder. The programs for displaying image data are written in FORTRAN and have been implemented on a VAX/VMS 8550 minicomputer (Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, MA).

Algorithms for On-Line Monitoring of Micro Spheres in an Optical Tweezers-Based Assembly Cell

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Peng ◽  
Arvind Balijepalli ◽  
Satyandra K. Gupta ◽  
Tom LeBrun
Keyword(s):  
Optical Tweezers ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optical Section ◽  
Automated Assembly ◽  
Glass Microspheres ◽  
Assembly Cell ◽  
Computational Speed ◽  
On Line ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Optical tweezers have emerged as a powerful tool for micro- and nanomanipulation. Using optical tweezers to perform automated assembly requires on-line monitoring of components in the assembly workspace. This paper presents algorithms for estimating three-dimensional positions of microspheres in the assembly workspace. Algorithms presented in this paper use images obtained by optical section microscopy. The images are first segmented to locate areas of interest and then image gradient information from the areas of interest is used to locate the positions of individual micro spheres in the XY plane. Finally, signature curves are computed and utilized to obtain the Z locations of spheres. We have tested these algorithms with glass microspheres of two different sizes under different illumination conditions. Our experiments indicate that the algorithms described in this paper provide sufficient computational speed and accuracy to support the operation of optical tweezers.

scholarly journals A workflow for visualizing human cancer biopsies using large-format electron microscopy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Riesterer ◽  
Claudia S. López ◽  
Erin S. Stempinski ◽  
Melissa Williams ◽  
Kevin Loftis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Volumetric Analysis ◽  
Large Format ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Areas Of Interest

AbstractRecent developments in large format electron microscopy have enabled generation of images that provide detailed ultrastructural information on normal and diseased cells and tissues. Analyses of these images increase our understanding of cellular organization and interactions and disease-related changes therein. In this manuscript, we describe a workflow for two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) imaging, including both optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods, that allow pathologists and cancer biology researchers to identify areas of interest from human cancer biopsies. The protocols and mounting strategies described in this workflow are compatible with 2D large format EM mapping, 3D focused ion beam-SEM and serial block face-SEM. The flexibility to use diverse imaging technologies available at most academic institutions makes this workflow useful and applicable for most life science samples. Volumetric analysis of the biopsies studied here revealed morphological, organizational and ultrastructural aspects of the tumor cells and surrounding environment that cannot be revealed by conventional 2D EM imaging. Our results indicate that although 2D EM is still an important tool in many areas of diagnostic pathology, 3D images of ultrastructural relationships between both normal and cancerous cells, in combination with their extracellular matrix, enables cancer researchers and pathologists to better understand the progression of the disease and identify potential therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Analysis of Wave-Induced Current Using Digital Image Correlation Techniques

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Bumshick Shin ◽  
KyuHan Kim
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Digital Image Correlation ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Correlation Technique ◽  
Induced Current ◽  
Wave Induced

Recently, advancement of digital image techniques and communications technology has enabled the application of existing images for scientific purposes. Furthermore, both quantitative and qualitative analyses of images have become possible through image processing such as transmit/storage of digital image data and image rectification. In this study, a coast having representative characteristics of east coast of Korea was selected with having erosion in winter, and the sedimentation in summer takes place repeatedly. Three-dimensional hydraulic model test was conducted to analyze its outcomes by a digital image correlation technique in order to understand the wave-induced current affecting the sediment transport. For this study, images filmed by the high-sensitive and high-resolution video camera were converted into stopped images of regular intervals and then those converted images were used for the following procedure to analyze flow and velocity into digital coordinates. The outcomes from interpretation of images filmed by the high-sensitive and high-resolution video camera can be utilized as a very useful analysis method for appreciating the generation mechanism and movement route of longshore current and rip current.

Structural organization of escherichia coli ribosomes as determined by immuno electron microscopy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Stöffler ◽  
R.W. Bald ◽  
J. Dieckhoff ◽  
H. Eckhard ◽  
R. Lührmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Antibody Binding ◽  
Immuno Electron Microscopy

A central step towards an understanding of the structure and function of the Escherichia coli ribosome, a large multicomponent assembly, is the elucidation of the spatial arrangement of its 54 proteins and its three rRNA molecules. The structural organization of ribosomal components has been investigated by a number of experimental approaches. Specific antibodies directed against each of the 54 ribosomal proteins of Escherichia coli have been performed to examine antibody-subunit complexes by electron microscopy. The position of the bound antibody, specific for a particular protein, can be determined; it indicates the location of the corresponding protein on the ribosomal surface.The three-dimensional distribution of each of the 21 small subunit proteins on the ribosomal surface has been determined by immuno electron microscopy: the 21 proteins have been found exposed with altogether 43 antibody binding sites. Each one of 12 proteins showed antibody binding at remote positions on the subunit surface, indicating highly extended conformations of the proteins concerned within the 30S ribosomal subunit; the remaining proteins are, however, not necessarily globular in shape (Fig. 1).

Three-Dimensional Visualization of the T-System of Frog Muscle Using High Voltage Electron Microscopy and a Lanthanum Stain

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 570-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee D. Peachey ◽  
Clara Franzini-Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transverse Tubular System ◽  
Peroxidase Reaction ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
High Voltage Electron ◽  
T System

The effective study of biological tissues in thick slices of embedded material by high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) requires highly selective staining of those structures to be visualized so that they are not hidden or obscured by other structures in the image. A tilt pair of micrographs with subsequent stereoscopic viewing can be an important aid in three-dimensional visualization of these images, once an appropriate stain has been found. The peroxidase reaction has been used for this purpose in visualizing the T-system (transverse tubular system) of frog skeletal muscle by HVEM (1). We have found infiltration with lanthanum hydroxide to be particularly useful for three-dimensional visualization of certain aspects of the structure of the T- system in skeletal muscles of the frog. Specifically, lanthanum more completely fills the lumen of the tubules and is denser than the peroxidase reaction product.

Electron Microscopy of Cytoplasmic Contractile Proteins

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 606-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.D. Pollard ◽  
P. Maupin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Contractile Proteins ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Cytoplasmic Matrix ◽  
Computer Image Processing ◽  
Nonmuscle Cells

In this paper we review some of the contributions that electron microscopy has made to the analysis of actin and myosin from nonmuscle cells. We place particular emphasis upon the limitations of the ultrastructural techniques used to study these cytoplasmic contractile proteins, because it is not widely recognized how difficult it is to preserve these elements of the cytoplasmic matrix for electron microscopy. The structure of actin filaments is well preserved for electron microscope observation by negative staining with uranyl acetate (Figure 1). In fact, to a resolution of about 3nm the three-dimensional structure of actin filaments determined by computer image processing of electron micrographs of negatively stained specimens (Moore et al., 1970) is indistinguishable from the structure revealed by X-ray diffraction of living muscle.

Scanning and Transmission Microscopy of Nematocyst Batteries in Epitheliomuscular Cells of Hydra

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 410-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane A. Westfall ◽  
S. Yamataka ◽  
Paul D. Enos
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
Transmission Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides three dimensional details of external surface structures and supplements ultrastructural information provided by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Animals composed of watery jellylike tissues such as hydras and other coelenterates have not been considered suitable for SEM studies because of the difficulty in preserving such organisms in a normal state. This study demonstrates 1) the successful use of SEM on such tissue, and 2) the unique arrangement of batteries of nematocysts within large epitheliomuscular cells on tentacles of Hydra littoralis.Whole specimens of Hydra were prepared for SEM (Figs. 1 and 2) by the fix, freeze-dry, coat technique of Small and Màrszalek. The specimens were fixed in osmium tetroxide and mercuric chloride, freeze-dried in vacuo on a prechilled 1 Kg brass block, and coated with gold-palladium. Tissues for TEM (Figs. 3 and 4) were fixed in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide. Scanning micrographs were taken on a Cambridge Stereoscan Mark II A microscope at 10 KV and transmission micrographs were taken on an RCA EMU 3G microscope (Fig. 3) or on a Hitachi HU 11B microscope (Fig. 4).

Selection and Preparation of Specific Tissue Regions For Tem Using Large Epoxy-Embedded Blocks

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 324-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Lowrie ◽  
W. S. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Embedded Blocks ◽  
Specific Tissue ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Selection Of

The importance of examining stained 1 to 2μ plastic sections by light microscopy has long been recognized, both for increased definition of many histologic features and for selection of specimen samples to be used in ultrastructural studies. Selection of specimens with specific orien ation relative to anatomical structures becomes of critical importance in ultrastructural investigations of organs such as the lung. The uantity of blocks necessary to locate special areas of interest by random sampling is large, however, and the method is lacking in precision. Several methods have been described for selection of specific areas for electron microscopy using light microscopic evaluation of paraffin, epoxy-infiltrated, or epoxy-embedded large blocks from which thick sections were cut. Selected areas from these thick sections were subsequently removed and re-embedded or attached to blank precasted blocks and resectioned for transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

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