Demographic change and its social and political implications in the Middle East

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shingo Hamanaka
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Demographic Change ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Youth Bulge ◽  
Level Analysis

This study examines the effect of the demographic trend on the breakdown of authoritarian regimes in the Middle East. Several scholars have pointed out that the combination of youth’s disproportionate share of the total population, the “youth bulge,” and high unemployment throws a society into turmoil. The demographic change determines not only how human activities are conducted but also how a society embarks on a political transition, such as a revolution, a state breakdown, or a regime change. I conduct two levels of empirical analysis of the political implications of the demographic dynamics in the Middle East. First, the macro-level analysis is based on cross-sectional data over two decades. This analysis will clarify whether the youth population had a significant effect on the Arab uprisings. Second, the micro-level analysis uses survey data from the Arab Democracy Barometer wave III to examine whether there is a significant correlation between youth and participation in protest. This analytical approach integrates the macro level with the micro level in order to avoid an ecological inference. My empirical analysis finds evidence to support Jack Goldstone’s revolution theory: it is built on demographic changes accompanied by rising food prices. The hypothesis is tested by examining the interactive effect of youth bulge and the deteriorating economic situation in the two decades following the end of the Cold War. The empirical tests at both the macro and micro levels identify a statistically significant effect.

Current Language Maintenance Research in Jordan

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Abdelkader M. Alshboul
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Language Maintenance And Shift ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
The Way

<p>This paper investigates the methodology utilized in Jordanian language maintenance and shift research on six minorities including Chechens, Armenians, Gypsies, Druze, Circassian, and Kurds. It argues that the methodology has been based on the macro-level analysis that examined the role of a number of sociodemographic factors in the LMLS process. However, this analysis does not offer a complex picture of immigrants’ language use and attitudes. It is suggested in this paper that the micro level analysis should also be employed to illuminate the way language is negotiated and used. </p>

Korean EFL students’ argumentative writing in L1 and L2: A comparative move analysis study

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-230
Author(s):  
Soomin Jwa
Keyword(s):  
Macro Level ◽  
Contrastive Rhetoric ◽  
Content Type ◽  
English Writing ◽  
Korean And English ◽  
Efl Students ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Thesis Statement ◽  
L1 And L2 ◽  
Level Analysis

Purpose This comparative study aims to investigate the rhetorical organization of Korean and English argumentative texts. In previous studies, the rhetorical organization of such texts has been categorized as either direct or indirect depending on the placement of the thesis statement (Chien, 2011). The present study attempts to document more specific rhetorical patterns using Swales (1990) concept of moves and steps. Design/methodology/approach Ten Korean EFL students with similar L1 and L2 literacy backgrounds were selected, and, adopting a within-subject design, the students wrote two argumentative essays, one in Korean and one in English, in response to two different topics. The students’ essays were analyzed at both the macro and micro levels. The focus of the macro-level analysis was on the placement of the thesis statement and of topic sentences in each of the body paragraphs. Once the macro-level analysis was done, the essays were analyzed at the micro level using Swales (1990) move analysis. Findings The findings suggest that both texts were organized in a similar way at the macro level, constituting a typical paper structure (i.e. introduction, body and conclusion). However, a difference appears at the micro level: the students used a variety of steps to create a move when writing in Korean, whereas little variation was found in the English texts. An analysis of the data suggests the possibility that the standardized moves and steps in the English texts may be due not to culture-specific rhetoric, but to a lack of practice with rhetorical thinking in English. Originality/value In previous studies, the rhetorical organization of texts has been categorized as either direct or indirect depending on the placement of the thesis statement. The present study uses the framework of move analysis to describe more specific organizational patterns of Korean and English writing to determine the extent to which Korean and English writing is similar in the genre of argumentative writing. Another significance of the study lies in the choice of Korean writing as a reference point for comparison with English writing. It has been widely noted that there is a dearth of research of Korean students’ writing in contrastive rhetoric. To the best of the author’s knowledge, most of the contrastive rhetoric studies were conducted with Chinese or Japanese student writers.

scholarly journals Religiousness and existential insecurity: A cross-national comparative analysis on the macro- and micro-level

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Höllinger ◽  
Johanna Muckenhuber
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Cross National

In Sacred and Secular (2011 [2004]) Norris and Inglehart argued that improvements in material living conditions and higher degrees of existential security lead to a decline in religiousness both on the macro-level of the comparison between countries and on the individual level. Since then, a number of studies have examined this relationship and confirmed the assumptions of the existential security thesis. This article revisits this thesis using data from the sixth wave of the World Values Survey (2010–2014). The multi-level analysis reveals two key results. Consistent with previous studies, a strong correlation was found between better life conditions and lower levels of religiousness on the macro-level. Individual life conditions and threatening experiences, however, have only a very small impact on religiousness. Possible explanations for the discrepancy between macro-level and micro-level results are discussed in the final section.

scholarly journals A Case Study On Financial Performance Of Centurion Bank And Bank Of Punjab-In Pre And Post Merger Period

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-221
Author(s):  
P. Chellasamy ◽  
J. Udhaya Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
One Year ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Rare Opportunity

Merger of commercial banks provide a very rare opportunity for examining whether the merger has been successful or not, most of the attempts would either concentrate on anticipated economics or they have been conducted on a macro level. Independent micro level analysis is, therefore, necessary to examine the various aspects of merger. Accordingly centurion bank- bank of Punjab merger has been opted for a case study. It has been intentionally selected as this deal has been the recent merger (i.e.) one year deal between two private sector banks.

scholarly journals Scheming and Re-scheming: Secondary Mathematics Teachers’ Use and Re-use of Resources

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Kayali ◽  
Irene Biza
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Teachers ◽  
Secondary Mathematics ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Secondary Mathematics Teachers ◽  
Documentational Approach ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Operational Invariants

AbstractIn this article, we examine secondary mathematics teachers’ work with resources using the Documentational Approach to Didactics lens. Specifically, we look at the resources and a teacher’s scheme of use (aims, rules of actions, operational invariants, and inferences) of these resources across a set of lessons (macro-level analysis) that aim towards students’ preparation for the examinations and how this use emerges in a set of three lessons on the same topic (micro-level analysis) as a response to contingent moments. We propose the terms scheming—a teacher’s emerging scheme of use related to the same set of resources used for the same aim—and re-scheming, namely, shifts in such scheming. Our analysis of lesson observations and the teacher’s reflections on his actions from a post-observation interview demonstrate the interplay between the stable characteristics of the scheme of use and the scheming and re-scheming in individual lessons. We conclude this article with a discussion on the methodological potential of using both macro- and micro-level analyses in the investigation of teachers’ use of resources.

MODULARITY, DEPENDENCE AND CHANGE

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (06) ◽  
pp. 1250083 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARKUS MICHAEL GEIPEL
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Large Change ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Software Architectures ◽  
Change Propagation ◽  
Technological Artifacts ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Change Events ◽  
Micro Level

Technological artifacts such as software often comprise a large number of modules; more than twenty thousand in the case of the Java software Eclipse. While on the micro-level this system is modular, how should the building blocks be arranged on the macro-level? In the literature this question has mainly been addressed with the same arguments already used to advocate modularity on the micro-level: Dependencies should be minimized as they impede optimization and flexibility of the system. In contrast to this I argue that along with a change from the micro view to the macro view also the argumentation has to change. In this paper, I analyze the theoretical ramifications of dependency between modules on the macro-level. In particular, I argue that macro-level dependencies are first weak dependencies, and second, foster flexibility and change efficiency. This argumentation is supported by an empirical analysis of 35 software architectures. Data show that dependency relations seldom cause change propagation. Furthermore, high dependency in the architecture negatively correlates with the occurrence of large change events. Thus, higher interdependency is associated with higher evolvability and more efficient change.

scholarly journals The Kurds and Middle Eastern “State of Violence”: the 1980s and 2010s

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamit Bozarslan
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
High Price ◽  
Eastern State ◽  
Syrian Crisis ◽  
Current Period ◽  
Kurdish Issue ◽  
Level Analysis

Though a macro-level analysis this article examines the evolution of the Kurdish issue since the occupation of Iraq in 2003 and the Syrian crisis in 2011, underlining the necessity of a comparison between the current period and past situations, namely that of the 1980s. Kurdish actors participated from a rather weak position in the Middle-East wide conflicts during the 1980s; alliances with regional states that gave access to political and military resources ensured their durability, but a high price was paid for their transformation into subordinated players of a broader “state of violence”. Since 2011, the trans-border Kurdish space finds itself once again in the heart of a “system of transaction” based on violence, but Kurdish organisations face the new region-wide conflicts in a position of empowerment in Iraq, Syria and Turkey. Kurd û Rewşa Tund ya Rojhilata Navîn: 1980yan û 2010anEv gotar, bi rêka helsengeka asta-makro, vedikole li  peresîna pirsgirêka Kurdî ji dema dagirbûna Iraqê di 2003yê da û qeyrana Sûriyeyê di 2011ê da û bi taybetî beldikişîne ser pêwistiya berhevdaneka di navbera serdema niha û rewşa borî, anku rewşa salên 80yan. Di salên 80yan da hêzên Kurd pitir ji pozisyoneka qels û lawaz beşdarî dijberî û aloziyên Rojhilata Navîn bûn; hevalbendiyên li gel dewletên li herêmê rê da bikaranîna çavkaniyên siyasî û leşkerî bo misogerkirina berdewamiya hêzên Kurd; lê van dewletan, bi hewldanên giranbuha, hişt ku kurd bimînin wekî aktorên bindest di nav rewşa tund ya herêmê da. Ji 2011ê ve, tevgera kurd ya dersînor careka din xwe di navenda pergaleka tund da dibine; lê vê carê rêkxistinên kurd yên li Iraq, Sûriye û Tirkiyeyê ji pozisyoneka bihêz rûberî vê dijberiya berfireh ya heremî ne.  کورد و ''باری توندوتیژی''ی ڕۆژهەڵاتی ناوەڕاست: ١٩٨٠کان و ٢٠١٠یەکانحئەگەرچی ئەم گوتارە  شیکردنەوەیە لە پلەیەکی باڵادا، لە گەشەکردنی پرسی کورد ورد دەبێتەوە لە داگیرکردنی عیراقەوە ساڵی ٢٠٠٣ و لە قەیرانی سووریاوە ساڵی ٢٠١١، ئەوەیش جەخت دەکات کە  پێویستە بەراورد بکرێت لەنێوان قۆناغی ئێستا و و هەلومەرجی ڕابوردوودا، واتە هەلومەرجی ١٩٨٠کان. نەخشگێڕانی کورد لە هەڵوێستێکی تا ڕادەیەک لاوازەوە بەشدارییان لە ناکۆکییە فراوانەکانی ڕۆژهەڵاتی ناوەڕاستی ١٩٨٠کاندا کرد؛ هاوپەیمانیکردن لەگەڵ دەوڵەتانی ناوچەییدا کە دەبووە هۆی دەستکەوتنی سەرچاوەی سیاسی و عەسکەری، مانەوەیانی دابین دەکرد، بەڵام دەبوو نرخێکی زۆریش بدەن بۆ ئەوەی ببنە یاریکەری لاوەکی لە ''باری توندوتیژی''یەکی بەربڵاودا. لە ساڵی ٢٠١١ بە دواوە، ڕووپێوی کوردیی ئەمدیو و ئەودیوی سنوورەکان جارێکی دیکە خۆی لە ناوجەرگەی ''سیستەمێکی بدە و بستێنە''دا دەبینێتەوە کە لەسەر توندوتیژی هەڵچنراوە، بەڵام ڕێکخراوە کوردییەکان کە ڕووبەڕووی ناکۆکییە بەربڵاوەکانی ناوچەکە دەبنەوە، لە پلەیەکی توانستدان لە عیراق، سووریا و تورکیا.

scholarly journals Estimating an impact of base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) countermeasures — a case of business group

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Legenzova ◽  
Kristina Levišauskaitė ◽  
Egidijus Kundelis
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Case Analysis ◽  
Business Group ◽  
Corporate Income Tax ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Profit Shifting ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Transaction Level ◽  
Level Analysis

Research background: Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) is a reduction of corporate income tax base and related corporate income tax payments via taking advantage of tax loopholes. OECD prepared 15 BEPS actions, which set countermeasures to fight tax avoid-ance in a coordinated way and shall be implement by countries on a voluntary basis. Literature review revealed that on a macro-level and company-level the extent of BEPS is large and statistically significant while studies addressing micro-level (transaction-level) impact and BEPS countermeasures’ related issues are limited. Purpose of the article: to identify methods and metrics available for evaluation of BEPS countermeasures’ impact on a micro-level and to assess BEPS countermeasures’ impact on a business group. Methods: the paper employs comparative analysis of scientific and professional literature to identify approaches and methods available for evaluation of BEPS countermeasures’ impact on a micro-level; and a case analysis method to assess an expected impact of BEPS coun-termeasures on a specific business group.  Findings & Value added: An approach used to estimate BEPS countermeasures impact on the micro-level differs from the one applied in macro-level analysis. To conduct the case analysis, OECD’s proposed macro-level fiscal impact assessment approach has been adapted for a micro-level analysis. It includes the analysis of the transactions subject to BEPS countermeasures and develops an action plan to manage related risks. The conducted case analysis differs from previous research as it employs transaction-level data and estimates fiscal effect of BEPS countermeasures on a micro-level. Analysis of the activities of the specific business group revealed that 5 from 15 countermeasures are relevant and directly applicable to this business group. They would not have an immediate significant direct fiscal effect, but risks related to BEPS countermeasures exist and action plans to manage negative effects of BEPS countermeasures have to be implemented.

Catholic Missionary Education in Early Mandate Syria and Lebanon

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 225-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idir Ouahes
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Missionary Education ◽  
French Mandate ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
School Activity ◽  
Imperial Rivalry

This article examines the interaction of Catholic missionary education with the French mandate state in Syria and Lebanon in the 1920s. Taking a short cross-section of the Mandate era, the article argues that Catholic missionaries’ activity in the educational sphere must be considered from a meso-level analysis to complement micro-level focus on school activity and macro-level examination of imperial relations. Such an approach begins by acknowledging the particularity of the Levantine setting, wherein Catholic activity was well embedded into the locale. It also puts into evidence the utility of Catholic educational institutions in the region for the French Mandate state’s priorities. It nevertheless considers the autonomy of these institutions; for instance, the parallel hierarchy that the French Church itself represented, with its independent priorities. Finally, the article considers the significance of inter-imperial rivalry in the Levant leading to these institutions’ empowerment by French mandate authorities.

Rethinking Family Power

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARION L. KRANICHFELD
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Family Cohesion ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Dynamic Power ◽  
The Family ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Level Analysis

The family power literature, in its macro-level focus on marital decision making, has emphasized the kind of family power that is generally conferred on men and is based on extrafamilial roles and performance. Women, by virtue of their intrafamilial roles as kinkeepers and nurturers, are more deeply, extensively, and enduringly embedded in the family; yet the power that accrues to them as the lynchpins of family cohesion and socialization has received little attention. A micro-level analysis of family power reveals that women's positions in the family power structure rest not on the horizontal marital tie but rather are derived from the more complex, significant, and dynamic power of the intergenerational bond.

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