scholarly journals GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM OF THE MOUSE

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 515-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. HUGON ◽  
D. MAESTRACCI ◽  
D. MÉNARD
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Intestinal Segment ◽  
Median Part

Glucose 6-phosphatase activity has been studied in the mouse intestinal tract using biochemical, cytochemical and cytophotometric methods. The enzyme is present in all segments of the digestive tract including the colon and is essentially localized in the absorbing cells. The maximum of activity is recorded in the middle jejunum. In each intestinal segment, the median part of the villi exhibits the highest reaction. In the epithelial cells, the enzyme is observed in the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and in the nuclear envelope. Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus are always negative. This enzyme appears to be a useful tool to study the regulating mechanisms operating in the differentiating epithelial cells of the intestine after an appropriate stimulation.

Analysis of Ca2+ uptake into the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of permeabilised sternal epithelial cells during the moulting cycle of the terrestrial isopodPorcellio scaber

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (13) ◽  
pp. 1935-1942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Hagedorn ◽  
Andreas Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Cyclopiazonic Acid ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Porcellio Scaber ◽  
Intracellular Compartments ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
And Function ◽  
Moulting Cycle

SUMMARYIn terrestrial isopods, large amounts of Ca2+ are transported across anterior sternal epithelial cells during moult-related deposition and resorption of CaCO3 deposits. Because of its toxicity and function as a second messenger, resting cytosolic Ca2+ levels must be maintained below critical concentrations during epithelial Ca2+transport, raising the possibility that organelles play a role during Ca2+ transit. We therefore studied the uptake of Ca2+into Ca2+-sequestering organelles by monitoring the formation of birefringent calcium oxalate crystals in permeabilised anterior and posterior sternal epithelium cells of Porcellio scaber during Ca2+-transporting and non-transporting stages of the moulting cycle using polarised-light microscopy. The results indicate ATP-dependent uptake of Ca2+ into organelles. Half-maximal crystal growth at a Ca2+ activity, aCa, of 0.4 μmol l-1 and blockade by cyclopiazonic acid suggest Ca2+uptake into the smooth endoplasmic reticulum by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. Analytical electron microscopical techniques support this interpretation by revealing the accumulation of Ca2+-containing crystals in smooth membranous intracellular compartments. A comparison of different moulting stages demonstrated a virtual lack of crystal formation in the early premoult stage and a significant fivefold increase between mid premoult and the Ca2+-transporting stages of late premoult and intramoult. These results suggest a contribution of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum as a transient Ca2+ store during intracellular Ca2+ transit.

scholarly journals CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TWO FUNCTIONAL HEPATOMAS

1962 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Essner ◽  
Alex B. Novikoff
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Dynamic State ◽  
Secretory Product ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Golgi Membranes

The Reuber hepatoma H-35 and Morris hepatoma 5123 have been studied by electron microscopy and by cytochemical staining methods for a number of phosphatases. These studies emphasize the resemblances of the two tumors to rat liver, but they also indicate distinctive features in each of the three tissues. Secretory product accumulates within the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus that dilate to form the Golgi vacuoles. The vacuoles apparently separate, and secretory material undergoes further condensation within them. These "secretory vacuoles" possess acid phosphatase activity and may thus be considered lysosomes. The membranes of the Golgi apparatus are without acid phosphatase activity but show high levels of thiaminepyrophosphatase activity. The endoplasmic reticulum also hydrolyzes thiaminepyrophosphate but at a lower rate; it hydrolyzes the diphosphates of uridine, guanosine, and inosine rapidly. These observations and the electron microscopic images are consistent with the view that the cytomembranes are in a dynamic state of flux, movement, and transformation in the living cell, and that smooth surfaced derivatives of the endoplasmic reticulum become refashioned into the Golgi membranes as the Golgi membranes are being refashioned into those that delimit secretory vacuoles. The variations encountered in the two hepatomas are described. The electron microscope literature dealing with the relations of the Golgi apparatus to secretory granules, on the one hand, and the endoplasmic reticulum, on the other, is reviewed briefly.

Ultrastructure of the Genital Duct Epithelium of the Male Port Jackson Shark, Heterodontus-Portusjacksoni

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Jones ◽  
M Lin
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Ciliated Cells ◽  
Dense Bodies ◽  
Ductuli Efferentes ◽  
Apical Vesicles

The genital ducts of Heterodontus portusjacksoni are lined by a ciliated epithelium. In the ductuli efferentes the epithelium is low and contains numerous intraepithelial leucocytes which often contain large dense bodies. All epithelial cells are ciliated and are characterised by apical vesicles, vacuoles and glycogen granules, some rough endoplasmic reticulum, dense bodies and lipid droplets, and a Golgi apparatus. The initial segment of the ductus epididymidis is lined by a very tall epithelium of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. The non-ciliated cells contain numerous apical vesicles, a large Golgi apparatus and numerous mitochondria and secretory granules in close association with an extensive endoplasmic reticulum. The terminal segment of the ductus epididymidis is lined by a low columnar epithelium. A proximal region, occupying part of the head of the epididymis, is similar to the epithelium in the ductuli efferentes. Distally, all the epithelial cells are ciliated. They are characterised by considerable dilated endoplasmic reticulum, a Golgi apparatus, apical vesicles, and numerous mitochondria and secretory granules. The secretory tubules of Leydig's glands are lined by a very tall epithelium with non-ciliated cells containing extensive, dilated, rough endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi apparatus, and numerous mitochondria and secretory granules. The significance of the structural differentiation of the duct is discussed in relation to the evolution of the mammalian epididymis.

scholarly journals Properties of membrane-bound bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase in rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and in the nuclear envelope from rat liver

1989 ◽  
Vol 259 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Vanstapel ◽  
L Hammaker ◽  
K Pua ◽  
N Blanckaert
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Membrane System ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Marker Studies ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Regulatory Properties

We examined regulatory properties of bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase in sealed RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)- and SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)-enriched microsomes (microsomal fractions), as well as in nuclear envelope from rat liver. Purity of membrane fractions was verified by electron microscopy and marker studies. Intactness of RER and SER vesicles was ascertained by a high degree of latency of the lumenal marker mannose-6-phosphatase. No major differences in the stimulation of UDP-glucuronyltransferase by detergent or by the presumed physiological activator, UDPGlcNAc, were observed between total microsomes and RER- or SER-enriched microsomes. Isolated nuclear envelopes were present as a partially disrupted membrane system, with approx. 50% loss of mannose-6-phosphatase latency. The nuclear transferase had lost its latency to a similar extent, and the enzyme failed to respond to UDPGlcNAc. Our results underscore the necessity to include data on the integrity of the membrane permeability barrier when reporting regulatory properties of UDP-glucuronyltransferase in different membrane preparations.

Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen an der vegetativen Zelle im auskeimenden Pollenkorn von Oenothera hookeri Torr. et Grey

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1092-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lothar Diers
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Vegetative Cell ◽  
Generative Cell ◽  
Pollen Grain ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Lipid Inclusions ◽  
Intense Activity ◽  
Germinating Pollen

According to the intense activity of the vegetative cell in the germinating pollen grain, the cytoplasm shows a highly organized structure. Concerning the structure the vegetative cell differs strongly from the generative cell. In the vegetative cell the big nucleus shows a very lobed shape. Large invaginations of the cytoplasm into the nucleus can be frequently observed. Series of adjacent sections show that deep and flat vesicles which may often broaden to unusual large cisternae, extend through the vegetative plasm and form by interconnections a highly developed endoplasmic reticulum which is continuous with the nuclear envelope. The leucoplasts contain large starch grains and very few lamellae, in many sections only one lamella is visible. Sometimes, a process of a leucoplast deeply reaches into another leucoplast. In some leucoplasts and mitochondria there are concentric stripes which, according to serial sections, are the margins of invaginations of the cytoplasm or of another organell. In the numerous mitochondria the inner folds have the form of cristae, tubules are not so frequently seen. The edges of the flattened sacs of the Golgi - apparatus expand to vacuoles which seem to separate from the flattened cisternae. Typical for the vegetative plasm are numerous small vacuoles. Relatively large, ringshaped or uniform dark bodies are assumed to be lipid inclusions.

scholarly journals DIFFERENTIATION OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM IN HEPATOCYTES

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Leskes ◽  
P. Siekevitz ◽  
G. E. Palade
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Adult Level ◽  
Enzyme Specific Activity ◽  
Cytochemical Reaction ◽  
And Control

The distribution of glucose-6-phosphatase activity in rat hepatocytes during a period of rapid endoplasmic reticulum differentiation (4 days before birth-1 day after birth) was studied by electron microscope cytochemistry. Techniques were devised to insure adequate morphological preservation, retain glucose-6-phosphatase activity, and control some other possible artifacts. At all stages examined the lead phosphate deposited by the cytochemical reaction is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope. At 4 days before birth, when the enzyme specific activity is only a few per cent of the adult level, the lead deposit is present in only a few hepatocytes. In these cells a light deposit is seen throughout the entire rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. At birth, when the specific activity of glucose-6-phosphatase is approximately equal to that of the adult, nearly all cells show a positive reaction for the enzyme and, again, the deposit is evenly distributed throughout the entire endoplasmic reticulum. By 24 hr postparturition all of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and in addition the newly formed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, contains heavy lead deposits; enzyme activity at this stage is 250% of the adult level. These findings indicate that glucose-6-phosphatase develops simultaneously within all of the rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes of a given cell, although asynchronously in the hepatocyte population as a whole. In addition, the enzyme appears throughout the entire smooth endoplasmic reticulum as the membranes form during the first 24 hr after birth. The results suggest a lack of differentiation within the endoplasmic reticulum with respect to the distribution of glucose-6-phosphatase at the present level of resolution.

scholarly journals FINE STRUCTURE AND ORGANELLE ASSOCIATIONS IN BROWN ALGAE

1965 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Benjamin Bouck
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Brown Algae ◽  
Algal Cell ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Membrane Systems ◽  
Two Envelopes

The structural interrelationships among several membrane systems in the cells of brown algae have been examined by electron microscopy. In the brown algae the chloroplasts are surrounded by two envelopes, the outer of which in some cases is continuous with the nuclear envelope. The pyrenoid, when present, protrudes from the chloroplast, is also surrounded by the two chloroplast envelopes, and, in addition, is capped by a third dilated envelope or "pyrenoid sac." The regular apposition of the membranes around the pyrenoid contrasts with their looser appearance over the remainder of the chloroplast. The Golgi apparatus is closely associated with the nuclear envelope in all brown algae examined, but in the Fucales this association may extend to portions of the cytoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum as well. Evidence is presented for the derivation of vesicles, characteristic of those found in the formative region of the Golgi apparatus, from portions of the underlying nuclear envelope. The possibility that a structural channeling system for carbohydrate reserves and secretory precursors may be present in brown algae is considered. Other features of the brown algal cell, such as crystal-containing bodies, the variety of darkly staining vacuoles, centrioles, and mitochondria, are examined briefly, and compared with similar structures in other plant cells.

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