scholarly journals A COMPARISON OF ALCIAN BLUE-ALDEHYDE FUCHSIN AND PEROXIDASE-LABELED ANTIBODY STAINING TECHNIQUES IN THE RAT ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 450-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALICE E. SWOPE ◽  
RAYMOND H. KAHN ◽  
JAMES L. CONKLIN
Keyword(s):  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Intermediate Lobe ◽  
Antibody Staining ◽  
Aldehyde Fuchsin ◽  
Tsh Cells ◽  
Staining Techniques ◽  
Lh Cells

The peroxidase-labeled antibody (P-Ab) technique was compared on adjacent sections with a permanganate-Alcian Blue (AB)-aldehyde fuchsin (AF) procedure on the anterior pituitary gland of young adult, female rats. The cells that stained with both AB and AF (AB, AF+) were large and polygonal and frequently possessed long processes; these cells correspond to those which reacted with the TSH antibody. The cells that stained only with AF reacted with the FSH antibody in the P-Ab technique and the cells which reacted with the LH antibody were not stained with either AB or AF.AB,AF+ cells ("TSH" cells) were distributed throughout the anterior lobe except along the lateral and dorsal peripheries of the gland and adjacent to the intermediate lobe, while both the AF+ ("FSH" cells) and the "LH" cells were distributed throughout the anterior lobe.

TROPHIC HORMONE CONTENT OF THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE PITUITARY GLAND IN NORMAL AND CASTRATE MALE DOGS

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIV (II) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian M. Davidson ◽  
Alexander N. Contopoulos ◽  
William F. Ganong
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Response Characteristic ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Immature Female ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Trophic Hormone

ABSTRACT Pituitary FSH, ICSH, and TSH activities of intact and castrate male dogs were assayed in hypophysectomized immature female rats by determining the minimum amount of anterior pituitary tissue necessary to produce a response characteristic of each of these hormones. In intact dogs only, pituitary ACTH and GH content were also determined. The minimum effective doses obtained for intact dogs in fractions of anterior pituitary were: FSH – 1.5, ICSH – 0.25, TSH – 0.016, ACTH – 0.025, GH – 0.125. Castration had no significant effect on TSH content, but resulted in a sixteen-fold increase in FSH content and a two-fold increase in ICSH content of the pituitary gland.

Adrenal regeneration in the rat is mediated by mitogenic N-terminal pro-opiomelanocortin peptides generated by changes in precursor processing in the anterior pituitary

1988 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Estivariz ◽  
M. I. Morano ◽  
M. Carino ◽  
S. Jackson ◽  
P. J. Lowry
Keyword(s):  
Mitotic Activity ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Intermediate Lobe ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Pituitary Cells ◽  
Adrenalectomized Rats

ABSTRACT In order to investigate the role of N-terminal proopiomelanocortin (N-POMC) in adrenal regeneration after bilateral adrenal enucleation (hereafter referred to as enucleation) rats 13 days after enucleation were injected (200 μl s.c. plus 200 μl i.p.) at 08.00 and 20.00 h with normal rabbit serum (NRS), an ACTH antiserum or an N-POMC antiserum. On the next day the animals were injected with colchicine, killed and mitotic figures in adrenal histological sections counted. The same treatment was given to rats 20 days after enucleation. Only the N-POMC antiserum significantly diminished adrenal mitotic activity 14 and 21 days after enucleation (P < 0·01 and 0·05 respectively) when compared with NRS-treated enucleated rats, whereas plasma corticosterone levels in rats 14 days after enucleation were significantly (P < 0·005) decreased only by treatment with ACTH antiserum. To determine whether the mitogenic N-POMC peptides involved in adrenal regeneration originated from the pituitary intermediate lobe, 0·9% (w/v) NaCl or ergocryptine (10 mg/kg body weight) was administered s.c. twice daily to rats between 7 and 13 days after enucleation. On day 14, adrenal mitotic activity and plasma levels of ACTH and N-POMC were not significantly different between ergocryptine and saline-treated enucleated rats, whereas α-MSH levels in ergocryptine-treated enucleated rats were significantly (P < 0·02) decreased. Increases in N-POMC content of the pituitary lobe accompanied those of ACTH in animals 7, 10, 14 and 21 days after enucleation (P < 0·01 compared with sham-treatment). Anterior lobes from rats 10 days after enucleation or from adrenalectomized rats showed raised ACTH and N-POMC levels compared with sham-treated animals, whereas α-MSH content in the anterior lobe of enucleated rats was significantly (P < 0·005) decreased. Adrenalectomized animals had raised (P < 0·005) amounts of α-MSH compared with sham-treated animals. Plasma levels of ACTH and N-POMC were significantly (P < 0·01) raised in rats 10 days after enucleation or in adrenalectomized rats compared with those in sham-treated animals, whereas α-MSH levels were raised (P < 0·005) only in adrenalectomized rats. Sephadex G-75 chromatography of anterior lobe extracts obtained 10 days after surgery from sham-treated, enucleated and adrenalectomized rats was performed. In sham-treated animals the main N-POMC-immunoreactive peaks were located at the elution positions of N-POMC(1–95) and N-POMC (1–74), whereas in enucleated rats the bulk of the N-POMC immunoreactivity was located in a third peak which eluted at the position of synthetic N-POMC (1–48). In adrenalectomized rats a peak coinciding with the N-POMC(1–48) standard could also be detected, but the bulk of the N-POMC immunoreactivity corresponded to the N-POMC(1–95) and N-POMC(1–74) peaks. Perfusates from dispersed rat anterior pituitary cells from rats 10 days after enucleation or sham-operation were also chromatographed. The profile of N-POMC immunoreactivity was essentially the same as that in the anterior lobe extract. Chromatography of plasma samples from ergocryptine-treated enucleated rats revealed a peak accounting for N-POMC (1–74) and a peak coinciding with N-POMC(1–48). It was concluded that N-POMC peptides are physiologically important in adrenal regeneration and that, in this condition, mitogenically active N-POMC peptides are generated from the anterior lobe and not from the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. This implies a change in the mode of anterior lobe N-POMC processing in adrenal regeneration. J. Endocr. (1988) 116, 207–216

scholarly journals ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

1953 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES F. RINEHART ◽  
MARILYN G. FARQUHAR
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Thin Sections

Technical methods for preparation of thin sections suitable for electron microscopy, while exacting, have been developed to a point of useful application. A series of electron micrographs from such sections of the anterior lobe of the pituitary glands of normal female rats are presented. It is evident that in many respects the nuclear and cytoplasmic detail revealed surpasses that which can be achieved by light microscopy and offers great promise for research in problems of cytophysiology and pathology. The various cell forms as seen in the normal anterior pituitary are illustrated, and tentative interpretations of functional states are made. Cytologic structures clearly demonstrated include `specific' granules, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, cytoplasmic ground substance and cell membranes. Some acidophiles contain delicate intracellular canaliculi (or lamellae), and cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles are prominent in certain basophiles. These alterations, which are associated with enlargement of the Golgi apparatus, are believed to reflect secretory activity.

scholarly journals Vascular endothelial growth factor in the rat pituitary: differential distribution and regulation by estrogen

2000 ◽  
Vol 165 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
AL Ochoa ◽  
NA Mitchner ◽  
CD Paynter ◽  
RE Morris ◽  
N Ben-Jonathan
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Intermediate Lobe ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Vegf Expression ◽  
Neural Lobe ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an endothelial cell mitogen and permeability factor, participates in tumor angiogenesis, but less is known about its regulation or function in normal vascular homeostasis. In the uterus, which undergoes cyclic changes in its vasculature, VEGF is induced by estrogen. Since the pituitary gland contains highly permeable capillaries and is estrogen-responsive, our objectives were to localize VEGF expression within the pituitary and to determine whether it is regulated by estrogen in both the pituitary and the somatolactotrope cell line, GH(3). Ovariectomized rats were injected with estradiol, and pituitaries and uteri were subjected to in situ hybridization or quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). VEGF expression was strong and punctate in the neural lobe, weaker and diffuse in the anterior lobe and undetectable in the intermediate lobe. Two VEGF isoforms, 164 and 120, were detected in all tissues. In the posterior pituitary, VEGF expression was 3- to 6-fold higher than in the anterior pituitary or uterus and was unaltered by estrogen. In contrast, anterior pituitary VEGF was induced by estrogen within 1 h, peaked at 3 h, and returned to basal levels by 24 h. Similar dynamics, albeit 10-fold higher, were seen in the uterus. Translated VEGF proteins were detected by Western blot in both the anterior pituitary and uterus. GH(3) cells also showed a dose- and time-dependent induction of VEGF expression by estrogen. In conclusion: (1) VEGF expression is higher in the neural lobe than in the anterior lobe and is undetectable in the intermediate lobe, (2) the expression of VEGF164 and VEGF120 is rapidly upregulated by estrogen in the anterior pituitary but is unchanged in the posterior pituitary, and (3) the pituitary lactotrope cell line, GH(3), also increases VEGF expression in response to estradiol.

scholarly journals CLASSIFICATIONS OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY CELL TYPES WITH IMMUNOENZYME HISTOCHEMISTRY

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL K. NAKANE
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Intermediate Lobe ◽  
Prolactin Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Thyrotropic Hormone ◽  
Gonadotropic Cells ◽  
Gh Cells ◽  
Tsh Cells

Peroxidase-labeled antibody method was used to localize the six hormones of the anterior pituitary gland of male rats both at the light and electron microscopic levels. Growth hormone (GH), adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin and thyrotropic hormone (TSH) were found in separate cells. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were frequently found in the same cell. TSH cells were scarce and were located at the periphery of the gland. The anterior-ventral portion of the gland contained few or no GH cells, ACTH cells, prolactin cells and TSH cells, but was filled with gonadotropic cells. In an area near the intermediate lobe, GH cells, ACTH cells and TSH cells were not found. GH cells and prolactin cells may be identified in electron micrographs without the aid of immunocytochemistry; however, ACTH cells and TSH cells may not be distinguished by their ultrastructural characteristics alone. Gonadotropic cells may be identified but their hormone content cannot be determined. The positive identification of these latter four cell types requires immunocytochemical methods.

Immunohistochemical localization of kallikrein within the prolactin-producing cells of the rat anterior pituitary gland

1990 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kizuki ◽  
A. Kitagawa ◽  
M. Takahashi ◽  
H. Moriya ◽  
M. Kudo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Immunohistochemical Localization ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Tissue Kallikrein ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

ABSTRACT The localization of tissue kallikrein in the pituitary gland of rats was investigated by an immunohistochemical technique using antiserum against rat urinary kallikrein. Kallikrein-positive cells were detected in the anterior lobe of the pituitary of both male and female rats, but were not observed in the posterior lobe of the pituitary in either sex. The kallikrein-positive cells in the anterior pituitary of female rats in oestrus were found to correspond to the prolactin-producing cells, whereas the cells producing GH, LH and ACTH were negative for kallikrein. It is possible, therefore, that the tissue kallikrein may be involved in the production of prolactin and not that of the other anterior pituitary hormones, such as GH, LH, FSH, ACTH and TSH. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 127, 317–323

BEFUNDE AM GENITALTRAKTUS DER RATTE NACH CORTICOTROPIN-INJECTION UND IHRE DEUTUNG UNTER BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG DES ZELLBILDES DER ADENOHYPOPHYSE

1959 ◽  
Vol XXXII (II) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Schätzle
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Vaginal Epithelium ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
List Type

ABSTRACT In normal adult female rats a single injection of 5 IU corticotrophin was followed by a retention of glucoproteid material in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis and by impairment of the luteinization. In spayed adult female rats the same corticotrophin administration caused stratification and mucification of the vaginal epithelium.

Early glucocorticoid feedback in anterior pituitary corticotrophs: differential inhibition of hormone release induced by vasopressin and corticotrophin-releasing factor in vitro

1991 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Shipston ◽  
F. A. Antoni
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Actinomycin D ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Hormone Release ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Acth Secretion ◽  
Corticotrophin Releasing Factor ◽  
Acth Release

ABSTRACT Vasopressin and 41-residue corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF-41) are physiological mediators of the hypothalamic control of pituitary ACTH secretion, whilst adrenocortical glucocorticoids are the major inhibitory factors regulating ACTH output. In the present study it was investigated in vitro whether the characteristics of early glucocorticoid inhibition of stimulated ACTH secretion would differ depending on the nature of the stimulus and the temporal relationship between secretagogue and steroid. The experiments were carried out using perifused segments of rat adenohypophysis obtained from randomly cycling female rats. Repeated pulses (5 min) of CRF-41 or vasopressin were given at 1-h intervals for up to 7 h. The net release of ACTH became stable after the second secretagogue pulse. Administration of 0·1 μmol corticosterone/l 30 min before and during a 5-min pulse of 10 nmol CRF-41/l inhibited CRF-41-stimulated ACTH release to 60% of control. Stimulated hormone release remained suppressed at 90 min after the start of the corticosterone infusion and returned to control levels by 150 min. If corticosterone treatment (35 min total exposure) was started simultaneously with the CRF-41 pulse, no inhibitory effect of the steroid was observed at any subsequent time-point examined (60,90,120 and 150 min). In contrast, vasopressin-stimulated ACTH release was inhibited by approximately 50% when corticosterone was applied before, or simultaneously with, a 5-min pulse of 10 nmol vasopressin/l. The synthetic glucocorticoid type II receptor agonist RU28362, administered 30 min before and during a 5-min pulse of 10 nmol CRF-41/l, reduced CRF-41-stimulated ACTH release to 50% of control up to 2·5 h after the start of RU28362 application (although inhibition after 35 min exposure was not statistically significant). Inhibition of ACTH release stimulated by 10 nmol vasopressin/l was observed within 35 min of steroid application and was maintained up to 2·5 h after the initial application of RU28362. The action of RU28362 on CRF-41-stimulated ACTH release was blocked by inhibitors of transcription (actinomycin D) and translation (puromycin); notably these drugs did not modify the ACTH response to CRF-41. In contrast, actinomycin D as well as puromycin reduced vasopressin-stimulated ACTH release. The data suggest that: (1) the timing of steroid application is important in determining the early glucocorticoid inhibition of CRF-41- but not vasopressin-stimulated ACTH secretion; (2) CRF-41 and vasopressin mobilize different pools of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland; (3) type II glucocorticoid receptors and synthesis of new protein(s) are involved in the early inhibitory action of glucocorticoids; (4) depending on the timing and nature of the incident secretagogue, differential negative feedback inhibition of ACTH secretion may occur at the pituitary level in vivo. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 129, 261–268

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