Development of a Functionality Matrix for a Cognitive Assistant on Long Distance Space Missions

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Güliz Tokadlı ◽  
Michael C. Dorneich
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Domain Knowledge ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Communication Delays ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Space Operations ◽  
Knowledge Models ◽  
Future Space ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
Mission Control

This paper discusses the development and application of a Functionality Matrix (FM) technique to design requirements for a Cognitive Assistant (CA) to aid future long distance space missions. Future far-Earth space missions pose challenges due to communication delays between Mission Control and space crew. As communication delays increase, Mission Control is less able to support space crew in off-nominal situations. The FM technique was used to extrapolate the joint decision-making functions performed in current near-Earth operations to functions performed in future, far-Earth space operations, allocated between Mission Control, space crew, and potential automation. Data gathered from document analysis and interviews with astronauts were consolidated to generate the domain knowledge models of the collaborative decision-making process for current space operations. Each function in the decision-making process was examined to extrapolate the current collaborative work of Mission Control and space crew to future space operations under long time delays, when the role of Mission Control must change. The domain knowledge models were also used to identify the functions performed to resolve off-nominal situations in current operations that are most affected by long communication delays. The identified functions constituted the input for the FM. The responsibilities of Mission Control, space crew and CA were categorized in the FM as current and/or future space operations. The FM describes the shared responsibilities between space crew and Mission Control with and without CA support in space operations. The FM was used to describe functional design requirements, and will lead to the development of function allocation rules.

scholarly journals Development of Design Requirements for a Cognitive Assistant in Space Missions Beyond Low Earth Orbit

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Güliz Tokadlı ◽  
Michael C. Dorneich
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Domain Knowledge ◽  
Space Vehicle ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Earth Orbit ◽  
Space Operations ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
Mission Control

This study describes the development of requirements for a cognitive assistant (CA) for use onboard a space vehicle/station. For missions beyond low Earth orbit (LEO), delayed communication will limit mission control’s ability to support the space crew in real time. During off-nominal situations, where no procedures have been developed prior to missions, crews must develop responses in real time and may increasingly rely on automation. A systematic approach was used to model the domain knowledge of the collaborative decision-making process of current space operations, extrapolate to missions beyond LEO, and develop the design requirements for a CA. Document analysis and interviews were conducted to create an abstraction hierarchy and a decision-action diagram of the cognitive functions currently performed by space crew, mission control, and onboard automation. These domain models were extrapolated to missions beyond LEO by identifying the breakpoints where current decision-making processes would break down due to increased communication delay between mission control and the space crew. Design requirements were identified for future CA systems that offer real-time decision-making support to mitigate the negative effect of limited support in off-nominal situations. The approach developed for this research can be generalized to identify the design requirements for future support systems in domains beyond space operations.

Sun-synchronous repeat ground tracks and other useful orbits for future space missions

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (1276) ◽  
pp. 917-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.W. Paek ◽  
S. Kim ◽  
L. Kronig ◽  
O. de Weck
Keyword(s):  
Space Missions ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Satellite Orbits ◽  
Satellite Constellations ◽  
National Space ◽  
Future Space ◽  
Infrared Wavelengths ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTThe development of oceanography and meteorology has greatly benefited from satellite-based data of Earth’s atmosphere and ocean. Traditional Earth observation missions have utilised Sun-synchronous orbits with repeat ground tracks due to their advantages in visible and infrared wavelengths. However, diversification of observation wavelengths and massive deployment of miniaturised satellites are both enabling and necessitating new kinds of space missions. This paper proposes several unconventional satellite orbits intended for use in, but not limited to, Earth observation. This ‘toolbox’ of orbits and taxonomy thereof will thus support the definition of design requirements for the individual satellites in nano-satellite constellations developed by national space agencies, industries and academia.

Examining Teamwork of Space Crewmembers and Mission Control Personnel Under Crew Autonomy: A Multiteam System Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-168
Author(s):  
Ute Fischer ◽  
Kathleen Mosier
Keyword(s):  
Space Mission ◽  
Team Cognition ◽  
System Perspective ◽  
Space Operations ◽  
Future Space ◽  
Task Cohesion ◽  
Task Success ◽  
Mission Control ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Mission Simulation

Introducing crew autonomy into the design of future space operations will involve a change in how responsibilities are distributed between crew and mission control and may disrupt the functioning of the space/ground multiteam system (MTS). During a 4-month space mission simulation we collected survey data from crewmembers and mission controllers tapping their team concept, perception of MTS cohesion and efficacy, task work and performance. Preliminary analyses indicate some aspects of team cognition that may be affected by crew autonomy. Crewmembers’ and mission controllers’ team concepts centered on members of their own component teams rather than the MTS. Mission controllers perceived higher cohesion— especially higher task cohesion—with crewmembers than vice-versa and were more likely than crewmembers to express high confidence in the efficacy of the MTS. While mission controllers and crewmembers expressed comparable levels of satisfaction with task performance, they disagreed on how much each component team contributed to task success.

scholarly journals Using supraglottic airways by paramedics for airway management in analogue microgravity increases speed and success of ventilation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Hinkelbein ◽  
Anton Ahlbäck ◽  
Christine Antwerber ◽  
Lisa Dauth ◽  
James DuCanto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Airway Management ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Laryngeal Tube ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Airway Device ◽  
Future Space ◽  
Secondary Endpoints ◽  
Present Trial

AbstractIn the next few years, the number of long-term space missions will significantly increase. Providing safe concepts for emergencies including airway management will be a highly challenging task. The aim of the present trial is to compare different airway management devices in simulated microgravity using a free-floating underwater scenario. Five different devices for airway management [laryngeal mask (LM), laryngeal tube (LT), I-GEL, direct laryngoscopy (DL), and video laryngoscopy (VL)] were compared by n = 20 paramedics holding a diving certificate in a randomized cross-over setting both under free-floating conditions in a submerged setting (pool, microgravity) and on ground (normogravity). The primary endpoint was the successful placement of the airway device. The secondary endpoints were the number of attempts and the time to ventilation. A total of 20 paramedics (3 female, 17 male) participated in this study. Success rate was highest for LM and LT and was 100% both during simulated microgravity and normogravity followed by the I-GEL (90% during microgravity and 95% during normogravity). However, the success rate was less for both DL (60% vs. 95%) and VL (20% vs. 60%). Fastest ventilation was performed with the LT both in normogravity (13.7 ± 5.3 s; n = 20) and microgravity (19.5 ± 6.1 s; n = 20). For the comparison of normogravity and microgravity, time to ventilation was shorter for all devices on the ground (normogravity) as compared underwater (microgravity). In the present study, airway management with supraglottic airways and laryngoscopy was shown to be feasible. Concerning the success rate and time to ventilation, the optimum were supraglottic airways (LT, LM, I-GEL) as their placement was faster and associated with a higher success rate. For future space missions, the use of supraglottic airways for airway management seems to be more promising as compared to tracheal intubation by DL or VL.

Development of double-stage ADR for future space missions

Cryogenics ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 597-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Shinozaki ◽  
Kazuhisa Mitsuda ◽  
Noriko Y. Yamasaki ◽  
Yoh Takei ◽  
Kensuke Masui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Space Missions ◽  
Future Space

scholarly journals Research and Development of Heat Switch for Future Space Missions

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (ists29) ◽  
pp. Po_4_7-Po_4_11
Author(s):  
Keisuke SHINOZAKI ◽  
Takehiro NOHARA ◽  
Makiko ANDO ◽  
Atsushi OKAMOTO ◽  
Masakatsu MAEDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Future Space

Improving the evidence-based clinical decision-making process: Interactive classification and topic discovery on diabetes-related biomedical literature (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Ahne ◽  
Guy Fagherazzi ◽  
Xavier Tannier ◽  
Thomas Czernichow ◽  
Francisco Orchard
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Active Learning ◽  
Hierarchical Clustering ◽  
Domain Knowledge ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Biomedical Literature ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Text Data

BACKGROUND The amount of available textual health data such as scientific and biomedical literature is constantly growing and it becomes more and more challenging for health professionals to properly summarise those data and in consequence to practice evidence-based clinical decision making. Moreover, the exploration of large unstructured health text data is very challenging for non experts due to limited time, resources and skills. Current tools to explore text data lack ease of use, need high computation efforts and have difficulties to incorporate domain knowledge and focus on topics of interest. OBJECTIVE We developed a methodology which is able to explore and target topics of interest via an interactive user interface for experts and non-experts. We aim to reach near state of the art performance, while reducing memory consumption, increasing scalability and minimizing user interaction effort to improve the clinical decision making process. The performance is evaluated on diabetes-related abstracts from Pubmed. METHODS The methodology consists of four parts: 1) A novel interpretable hierarchical clustering of documents where each node is defined by headwords (describe documents in this node the most); 2) An efficient classification system to target topics; 3) Minimized users interaction effort through active learning; 4) A visual user interface through which a user interacts. We evaluated our approach on 50,911 diabetes-related abstracts from Pubmed which provide a hierarchical Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) structure, a unique identifier for a topic. Hierarchical clustering performance was compared against the implementation in the machine learning library scikit-learn. On a subset of 2000 randomly chosen diabetes abstracts, our active learning strategy was compared against three other strategies: random selection of training instances, uncertainty sampling which chooses instances the model is most uncertain about and an expected gradient length strategy based on convolutional neural networks (CNN). RESULTS For the hierarchical clustering performance, we achieved a F1-Score of 0.73 compared to scikit-learn’s of 0.76. Concerning active learning performance, after 200 chosen training samples based on these strategies, the weighted F1-Score over all MeSH codes resulted in satisfying 0.62 F1-Score of our approach, compared to 0.61 of the uncertainty strategy, 0.61 the CNN and 0.45 the random strategy. Moreover, our methodology showed a constant low memory use with increased number of documents but increased execution time. CONCLUSIONS We proposed an easy to use tool for experts and non-experts being able to combine domain knowledge with topic exploration and target specific topics of interest while improving transparency. Furthermore our approach is very memory efficient and highly parallelizable making it interesting for large Big Data sets. This approach can be used by health professionals to rapidly get deep insights into biomedical literature to ultimately improve the evidence-based clinical decision making process.

Galileo Case Study

2013 ◽  
pp. 251-282
Author(s):  
Aggelos Liapis ◽  
Evangelos Argyzoudis
Keyword(s):  
Data Exchange ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Effective Interaction ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Task Forces ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Future Space ◽  
Collaborative Working

The Concurrent Design Facility (CDF) of the European Space Agency (ESA) allows a team of experts from several disciplines to apply concurrent engineering for the design of future space missions. It facilitates faster and effective interaction of all disciplines involved, ensuring consistent and high-quality results. It is primarily used to assess the technical and financial feasibility of future space missions and new spacecraft concepts, though for some projects, the facilities and the data exchange model are used during later phases. This chapter focuses on the field of computer supported collaborative work (CSCW) and its supporting areas whose mission is to support interaction between people, using computers as the enabling technology. Its aim is to present the design and implementation framework of a semantically driven, collaborative working environment (CWE) that allows ESA’s CDF to be used by projects more extensively and effectively during project meetings, task forces, and reviews.

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