scholarly journals DEMONSTRATION OF BIOLOGIC POLYANIONS BY ALCIAN BLUE IN SALT SOLUTIONS AND BY ALCIAN YELLOW OR HEXADECYLPYRIDINIUM-HEXATHIOCYANATOFERRATE

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 552-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. STAPLE
Keyword(s):  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Salt Solutions

scholarly journals STAINING OF TISSUE POLYCATIONS BY ANIONIC DYES IN SALT SOLUTIONS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GINGIVA

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 424-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. STAPLE
Keyword(s):  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Acid Fuchsin ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Anionic Dyes ◽  
Horizontal Section ◽  
Reactive Material

Over the range pH 5.6-9.4, the presence of KCl or other common metallic chlorides in excess of 0.1 M in 0.05% solutions of Biebrich scarlet or acid fuchsin produced a colored precipitate within 24 hr. Within the same period, over the range pH 2-7, no precipitate resulted when up to 5 M choline chloride (highest concentration tested) was present in 0.01% solutions of these and other anionic dyes used for staining tissue sections. In paraffin sections of frozen-dried tissues, previously exposed to modified Newcomer's fluid or cyanuric chloride in anhydrous reaction medium, equilibrium staining in the presence of increasing concentrations of choline chloride or potassium chloride was investigated at pH 2.28-2.70, 5.6 and 6.18-6.70 using 0.01% or 0.001% solutions of acid fuchsin, Biebrich scarlet or its isomer crocein scarlet, fast green FCF, naphthol yellow S. The tissues studied were: prevertebral structures included in a horizontal section through the cervical region of a mouse, rat abdominal skin and gingiva, human gingiva. In general, increasing salt concentration progressively inhibited staining, but over a limited range could increase staining, e. g., in cartilage, by unmasking additional dye-binding groups through the dissociation of macromolecular polyionic complexes. Sequential staining with the same or two different dyes in presence of different salt concentrations showed that inhibition of straining by salt was not due to elution of reactive material from sections but to competition between salt and dye anions for cationic sites in tissues. The biologic polyanions heparinate and hyaluronate were found to compete with Biebrich scarlet for tissue cationic sites. The concept of critical electrolyte concentration (CEC) proposed for staining with cationic dyes in salt solutions was found to be applicable to staining with anionic dyes and thus to be generally valid for staining that involves polar interactions. Rat gingival keratin, previously shown to have only a low CEC for the cationic dye Alcian Blue, displayed a high CEC for all of the anionic dyes investigated. Some sites in mouse arterial wall and laryngeal cartilage known to have a high CEC for Alcian Blue showed high CEC for Biebrich scarlet. It is suggested that the high CEC of human gingival parakeratin for anionic dyes depends on the presence of arginine, histidine and lysine protein residues and those few α-amino groups capable of protonation.

Isomorphous replacement in electron diffraction of wet crystals of rat hemoglobin

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 446-447
Author(s):  
William F. Tivol ◽  
Murray Vernon King ◽  
D. F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Heavy Atom ◽  
Isomorphous Substitution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Isomorphous Replacement ◽  
Structure Factors ◽  
Diffraction Structure ◽  
The Mean

Feasibility of isomorphous substitution in electron diffraction is supported by a calculation of the mean alteration of the electron-diffraction structure factors for hemoglobin crystals caused by substituting two mercury atoms per molecule, following Green, Ingram & Perutz, but with allowance for the proportionality of f to Z3/4 for electron diffraction. This yields a mean net change in F of 12.5%, as contrasted with 22.8% for x-ray diffraction.Use of the hydration chamber in electron diffraction opens prospects for examining many proteins that yield only very thin crystals not suitable for x-ray diffraction. Examination in the wet state avoids treatments that could cause translocation of the heavy-atom labels or distortion of the crystal. Combined with low-fluence techniques, it enables study of the protein in a state as close to native as possible.We have undertaken a study of crystals of rat hemoglobin by electron diffraction in the wet state. Rat hemoglobin offers a certain advantage for hydration-chamber work over other hemoglobins in that it can be crystallized from distilled water instead of salt solutions.

Bulk standards for low-temperature biological x-ray microanalysis

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 282-283
Author(s):  
P. Echlin ◽  
M. McKoon ◽  
E.S. Taylor ◽  
C.E. Thomas ◽  
K.L. Maloney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Analytical Procedures ◽  
Electrical Conductors

Although sections of frozen salt solutions have been used as standards for x-ray microanalysis, such solutions are less useful when analysed in the bulk form. They are poor thermal and electrical conductors and severe phase separation occurs during the cooling process. Following a suggestion by Whitecross et al we have made up a series of salt solutions containing a small amount of graphite to improve the sample conductivity. In addition, we have incorporated a polymer to ensure the formation of microcrystalline ice and a consequent homogenity of salt dispersion within the frozen matrix. The mixtures have been used to standardize the analytical procedures applied to frozen hydrated bulk specimens based on the peak/background analytical method and to measure the absolute concentration of elements in developing roots.

Cytochemical Specializations on the Luminal Surface of Blood Vessels in the Developing Rat Central Nervous System

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
R. S. Hannah ◽  
T. H. Rosenquist
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Luminal Surface ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Concentration Method ◽  
Endothelial Surface ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer

Developing blood vessels in the rat central nervous system exhibit several unusual luminal features. Hannah (1975) used high voltage electron microscopy to demonstrate numerous ridges of endothelium, some near junctional complexes. The ridges produced troughs (which may appear as depressions) in the endothelial surface. In some areas ridges extended over the troughs, removing them from direct contact with the luminal surface. At no time were the troughs observed to penetrate the basal laminae. Fingerlike projections also extended into the lumina.To determine whether any chemical specializations accompanied the unusual morphological features of the luminal surface, we added 0.1% Alcian blue (Behnke and Zelander, 1970) to the 3% glutaraldehyde perfusate (cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4). After Alcian blue had reacted with the luminal glycocalyces, the dye was dissociated with MgCl2 via critical electrolyte concentration method of Scott and Dorling (1965). When these methods are applied together, it is possible to differentiate mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans or GAG) with the electron microscope.

Solution behavior of quenched or strongly charged polyampholytes in aqueous-salt solutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Toleutay ◽  
◽  
A.V. Shakhvorostov ◽  
S.K. Kabdrakhmanova ◽  
S.E. Kudaibergenov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Solution Behavior ◽  
Aqueous Salt Solutions
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