scholarly journals A NEW ION ASSOCIATION-FRACTIONATION TECHNIQUE FOR IDENTIFYING INDIVIDUAL MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES AND OTHER POLYANIONS IN TISSUE SECTIONS

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
FREDERICK T. ZUGIBE ◽  
MARILYN L. FINK
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Ion Association ◽  
Ionic Concentration ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salts ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfates ◽  
Differential Precipitation

A new histochemical ions association-fractionation technique has been developed for identifying individual mucopolysaccharides and other biological polyanions in tissue sections. This method is based on the differential precipitation of individual polyanions with quaternary ammonium salts in solutions of specific ionic concentration and the subsequent formation of red ion association complexes with the bound quaternary moieties. Hyaluronic acid, the chondroitin sulfates, heparitin sulfate, heparin and RNA were readily identified. Further differentiation was effected by incorporating acetone-dried powder extracts from Flarobacterium heparinum which has been adapted to chondroitin sulfate and heparin.

scholarly journals A NEW ION ASSOCIATION TECHNIQUE FOR DEMONSTRATING POLYANIONS IN TISSUE SECTIONS

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
FREDERICK T. ZUGIBE ◽  
MARILYN L. FINK
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Salt ◽  
Ion Association ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Ferric Thiocyanate ◽  
Thiocyanate Solution ◽  
Chemical Studies ◽  
Association Complex

A new ion association technique was developed in our laboratory to demonstrate polyanions histochemically. The identification of the polyanions was effected in two steps: (1) the formation of a polyanion-quaternary ammonium complex following treatment with a quaternary salt and (2) subsequent formation of a red ion association complex with the quaternary moiety following treatment with ferric thiocyanate solution. Chemical studies indicated that the ion association complexes are cetyltrimethylammonium-hexathiocyanatoferrate (iii) and cetylpyridinium-hexathiocyanatoferrate (iii). These are red in color, very soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform, ethanol, methanol, acetone and xylene and insoluble in water.

scholarly journals NITRATE-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE AND ITS USE FOR ANALYSIS OF VEGETABLES AND MINERAL WATERS

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
Yulya V. Matveichuk
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Maximum Permissible Concentration ◽  
Ion Association ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salts ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Iodide Ions ◽  
Silver Sulfate

The effect of the length of the radicals at the exchange center of the quaternary ammonium salts on the selectivity and the detection limit of the nitrate-selective electrode is investigated. The observed effects of improving the analytical characteristics while reducing the steric availability of the exchange center for quaternary ammonium salts are explained on the basis of the theory of ion association. The composition of the polyvinyl chloride (33 wt.%) electrode membrane for the quaternary ammonium salt (3,4,5-tris bromide (dodecyloxy)benzyltricethylammonium bromide, 5 wt.%) and the plasticizer (o-nitrophendecyl ether, 62 wt.%) was optimized. The developed electrode has a low detection limit (2.0∙10−7 mol/l) and a close to theoretical slope of the electrode function (56.8 mV/pNO3), and the potential of the nitrate-selective electrode is not affected by fluoride, nitrite, bicarbonate-, dihydrophosphate-, sulfate ions. The interfering action of chloride, bromide, and iodide ions can be eliminated by introducing 1·10–3 mol/l of a background solution of silver sulfate. Thiocyanate and perchlorate ions interfere with the operation of the electrode, but they are practically not found in real objects. The developed electrode was used to determine the nitrate ions in vegetables (white cabbage, cucumber, lettuce, tomato, onion, carrots, and potatoes), greens (dill, parsley) and mineral water. It was established that the maximum permissible concentration of nitrates is exceeded more than 4.5 times for cabbage (MAC = 500 mg/kg), almost 2 times for salad (maximum permissible concentration 1500 mg/kg), 1.5 times for potatoes (maximum permissible concentration 250 mg/kg) and 3 times for dill (maximum permissible concentration 1500 mg/kg).

Synthesis and stability of 1-aminoalkylphosphonic acid quaternary ammonium salts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz K. Olszewski ◽  
Anna Brol
Keyword(s):  
Phosphonic Acid ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Alkylating Agent ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salts ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Aminoalkylphosphonic Acid

An effective protocol for quaternization of simple 1-aminoalkylphosphonic acids under basic conditions and using Me2SO4 as convenient alkylating agent is reported. In the course of reaction phosphonic acid quaternary ammonium...

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