EXPRESS: National Culture and the Cyclical Behavior of R&D Expenditure

2021 ◽  
pp. 1069031X2199410
Author(s):  
Jung Seek Kim
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycles ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
National Level ◽  
Business Firm ◽  
National Productivity ◽  
Cyclical Behavior ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Cross National

This article examines the cyclical behavior of business (firm-financed) R&D expenditure at the national level, using a panel of 64 countries spanning about 4 decades. R&D is considerably more volatile than GDP and tends to be procyclical. We adopt the Hofstede framework to investigate systematically cross-national heterogeneity in comovement and volatility of R&D. Similar to prior studies, a higher R&D intensity (R&D expenditure / GDP) is associated with more uncertainty accepting, long-term oriented, and indulgent countries. Notably, R&D behaves less procyclically in more uncertainty accepting, individualistic, long-term oriented, and indulgent countries, and it is less volatile in more masculine, individualistic, long-term oriented, and indulgent countries. That is, a culture with a higher propensity to invest in R&D tends to follow business cycles less closely (i.e., lower comovement) and have more persistent spending over time (i.e., lower volatility). Furthermore, higher comovement or volatility of R&D indeed harms national productivity and innovativeness. Therefore, this research broadens our understanding of the role national culture plays by demonstrating (1) that it affects considerably the cyclical behavior of R&D and (2) that this cyclical behavior is another conduit through which culture influences economic performance.

scholarly journals O7C.2 Developing a measuring strategy for monitoring and evaluation of a national occupational health intervention programme in great britain (GB)

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A64.3-A65
Author(s):  
Yiqun Chen ◽  
Andrew Curran
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Measurement Framework ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Over Time

The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is the GB regulator for health and safety at work. The HSE Health and Work (H&W) program designs and carries out a wide range of interventions; including inspection, enforcement and other regulatory activities as well as prevention; targeting priority health conditions in high-risk sectors. It is anticipated that long-term, sustainable and coordinated actions developed as part of the program will over time improve awareness, behaviors, control of exposures, and, as a result, prevent work-related ill health in GB workforce.An HSE Measuring Strategy, together with measurement framework and principles, has been developed. The measurement framework draws together data systems, covering Attitudes (A), Behaviors (B), Control of exposures (C), and Disease and work-related ill health reduction (D), based on a simple model to provide evidence required for evaluating the short, medium and long term impacts of the large scale and complex H&W program on the GB health and safety system. The Strategy gives a new focus on measuring behavioral changes and risk reductions; and emphasizes longitudinal measurement designs to assess progress over time.For developing the Strategy, workshops were organized to bring stakeholders across HSE to review existing systems for conducting population surveys, collecting exposure intelligence and occupational health surveillance, which have contributed to forming a long-term vision of fit-for-purpose measurement systems.We will present the development of the Strategy and the plans to implement it with the H&W program, which requires close collaborations between epidemiologists and social researchers, policy makers, and other multidisciplinary regulatory specialists. The lessons learnt will help HSE towards building the right evidence base for monitoring and evaluation of a range of national level intervention programs for work-related ill health prevention.©British Crown copyright (2019)

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIONAL CULTURE DIMENSIONS AND DEGREE OF INNOVATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (01) ◽  
pp. 1730001 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDRE LUIS PRIM ◽  
LUIZ STEPHANY FILHO ◽  
GUILHERME AUGUSTO CAVALLARO ZAMUR ◽  
LUIZ CARLOS DI SERIO
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
National Level ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
Global Innovation ◽  
Culture Dimensions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Degree Of Innovation

The objective of this research is to analyse the relationship between cultural dimensions and the degree of innovation at the national level. For such, secondary data were collected relating to Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and the Global Innovation Index (GII). They were analysed using multiple linear technical regressions based on a sample of 72 countries. The results reveal the existence of three cultural dimensions associated with innovation outputs (technology and creativity): individualism, long-term orientation and indulgence, while a partially supported relationship was encountered for the power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity dimensions. National cultures were also classified as being competitive, planning, hierarchical or benevolent, to distinguish the most innovation-driven cultures. This evidence contributes to the innovation and competitiveness perspective, in which the intrinsic values of a national culture can favour the development of innovation and raise the competitiveness level of both nations and organisations.

scholarly journals How Stable Is Political Parties’ Issue Ownership? A Cross-Time, Cross-National Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 475-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Bech Seeberg
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Issue Ownership ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Know How ◽  
Comprehensive Data ◽  
National Analysis ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Cross National

Research on issue ownership is accelerating and so is its use in studies of voting and party behaviour. Yet we do not know how stable issue ownership is. Does it describe a solid, persistent association between a party and an issue in the eyes of the electorate, or does it describe a more fluid and fragile issue reputation of a party among the electorate? Theoretical and empirical work suggests both stability and variability in issue ownership. To get closer to an answer, this article presents and analyses unprecedented comprehensive data on issue ownership. The analysis identifies stability rather than change in issue ownership over time and similarity more than difference across countries, and therefore suggests that issue ownership is a general and long-term rather than a local and short-term phenomenon. The implications for how voters perceive parties are important.

scholarly journals Long-Term Techno-Economic Performance Monitoring to Promote Built Environment Decarbonisation and Digital Transformation—A Case Study

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 644
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Manfren ◽  
Lavinia Chiara Tagliabue ◽  
Fulvio Re Cecconi ◽  
Marco Ricci
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Energy Monitoring ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Buildings’ long-term techno-economic performance monitoring is critical for benchmarking in order to reduce costs and environmental impact while providing adequate services. Reliable building stock performance data provide a fundamental knowledge foundation for evidence-based energy efficiency interventions and decarbonisation strategies. Simply put, an adequate understanding of building performance is required to reduce energy consumption, as well as associated costs and emissions. In this framework, Variable-base degree-days-based methods have been widely used for weather normalisation of energy statistics and energy monitoring for Measurement and Verification (M & V) purposes. The base temperature used to calculate degree-days is determined by building thermal characteristics, operation strategies, and occupant behaviour, and thus varies from building to building. In this paper, we develop a variable-base degrees days regression model, typically used for energy monitoring and M & V, using a “proxy” variable, the cost of energy services. The study’s goal is to assess the applicability of this type of model as a screening tool to analyse the impact of efficiency measures, as well as to understand the evolution of performance over time, and we test it on nine public schools in the Northern Italian city of Seregno. While not as accurate as M & V techniques, this regression-based approach can be a low-cost tool for tracking performance over time using cost data typically available in digital format and can work reasonably well with limited resolution, such as monthly data. The modelling methodology is simple, scalable and can be automated further, contributing to long-term techno-economic performance monitoring of building stock in the context of incremental built environment digitalization.

scholarly journals Improving the quality of care in health systems: towards better strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Quality Of Care ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
National Level ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Future ◽  
Over Time

AbstractImproving the quality of health care across a nation is complex and hard. Countries often rely on multiple single national level programmes to make progress. But the key is to use a framework to develop a balanced overall strategy, and evaluate the main elements continuously and over time. Achieving that requires having a critical mass of leaders who collectively can see the bigger picture now, envision a roadmap for the future to chart an intelligent course, and course correct regularly. This is a long-term agenda requiring commitment, careful stewardship, different perspectives, trust, and the building of knowledge and experience over time. It is also almost completely at odds with much current policymaking which is short term, reactive and demands hard results. Many countries are making progress. But the rapid introduction of new types of care during the COVID 19 pandemic, such as online and digital, the use of new technologies which could soon revolutionalise the way care is delivered, experienced and evaluated, and the huge pressures on spending on health care in future mean we will have to do better. Achieving system-wide quality of care requires having a critical mass of leaders who collectively can see the bigger picture now, envision a roadmap for the future to chart a balanced intelligent course. For the Israeli health system, the recent IJHPR article by Dreiher et al. will help, but it will be important, in the future, to analyse how Israel measures up on the framework outlined above. This ideally would be supplemented with a survey of key leaders for their assessment, and both would be a regular (say 5 yearly) exercise and would help inform future strategies.

Policy Coordination under Minority and Majority Rule

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Persson
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Majority Rule ◽  
National Level ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Over Time

This chapter analyzes mechanisms for policy coordination inside and outside Sweden’s Government Offices. It looks at how governments of different types have coordinated their policies, and focuses on the mechanisms used by single-party minority governments and by coalition minority and majority governments. Over time, Swedish political parties have developed methods for achieving stable, long-term cooperation, and these methods have become increasingly formalized and institutionalized. Coordination at the national level takes place both before and after elections, and tends to blur the boundary between majority and minority governments. These new patterns of cooperation pose new challenges to the government’s ability to coordinate policy.

scholarly journals Identification of Top Performing Economies

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
Ravindra H Dholakia ◽  
Akhilesh S Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Performance ◽  
Past Performance ◽  
Top Performers ◽  
High Inflation ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
Over Time

In the era of globalization and liberalization, important investment and business decisions have to carefully consider long-term performance and prospects of different national economies. National governments would also compete with one another on the strength of their economic performance and policies. Several organizations make regular efforts to evaluate prospects and rank countries for different purposes but research identifying the top performing economies considering different dimensions of their long-term performance is conspicuous by its absence. Using seven indicators of economic performance of 187 countries, this paper identifies the top 50 performers during the decades of 1981-90 and 1991-2000. Five of these indicators are the trend rates of growth over a decade in imports, foreign direct investment (FDI), capital formation, per capita income, and forex reserves. Average inflation rate and Human Development Index (HDI) are the remaining indicators. The selected indicators are very distinct from one another not only during the decade of eighties but also during the nineties. It is found that economic performance of countries, which was already specialized in a few dimensions, is becoming more specialized and focused during the nineties when compared to the eighties. This paper also examines the inter-relationship among the indicators over time. This study has generated findings for national policy making and for businesses to assess macroeconomic prospects. There are 26 common countries in the two sets of top 50 performers during the eighties and the nineties. High performance on the consumer inflation and/or human development front has emerged practically as a pre-condition for consistently good overall performance. On this count, it appears that a large number of the new entrants to the club of 50 top performers during the nineties are not likely to hold on to their position in the coming decade. Such emerging economies may prove to be risky. The experience of the eighties and the nineties suggests that high inflation during a decade does not deter the solid real economic performance on other dimensions during the same decade but may create problems of maintaining consistency of relative performance over time, if not checked. For predicting the overall performance of countries, past performance does not help in general. However, three indicators, viz., growth of per capita income, growth of FDI, and HDI can be predicted to some extent through past performance on various dimensions. The findings suggest the following: A trade-off exists between high inflation and future high growth and between high inflation and future high HDI. Long-term growth of investment may negatively affect the future long-term growth of output and long-term growth of forex reserves may negatively affect future long-term growth of FDI in a country. Growth causes human capital and not vice-versa. Based on the prediction of partial performance, the study identifies 15 economies likely to be among the top 50 performers in the first decade of the 21st century. Since four of the seven performance indicators do not depend on past performance, the remaining 35 top performers may spring genuine surprises. Economic environment and policies of countries during the decade would decide their relative performance.

An Exploratory Examination of the Influence of National Culture on Cross-National Product Diffusion

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Dwyer ◽  
Hani Mesak ◽  
Maxwell Hsu
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Diffusion Of Innovations ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
National Product ◽  
Product Launch ◽  
Product Diffusion ◽  
Launch Strategy ◽  
Diffusion Rates ◽  
Cross National

This study examines the direct influence of national culture on the cross-national diffusion of innovations. Focusing on seven technological innovations across 13 European countries, the authors use Hofstede's multidimensional approach to culture to investigate this relationship. They find support linking four cultural dimensions—individualism, masculinity, power distance, and long-term orientation—to cross-national product diffusion. The findings suggest that national culture explains a relatively sizable amount of variation in cross-national diffusion rates. The authors discuss theoretical and practical implications of these results, including prescriptive guidance with respect to product launch strategy and tactics.

Enhancing community welfare through improved water quality: a case for applying staggered pollution charges in the river Musi sub-basin of Andhra Pradesh, India

Water Policy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-483
Author(s):  
Tishya Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Community Acceptance ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Over Time

In conditions of severe water-pollution and dormant community acceptance of accumulating environmental damage, the regulator's role goes beyond pollution prevention and more towards remediation and solutions based on the community's long-term expectations of economic benefits from clean water. This paper suggests a method to enable these benefits to become perceptible progressively, through participatory clean-up operations, supported by staggered pollution charges. It analyses the relevant literature on pollution prevention and applies a cost-based “willingness to pay” model, using primary basin-level data of total marginal costs. It develops a replicable demand-side approach imposing charge-standard targets over time in urban-industrial basins of developing countries.

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