scholarly journals Coinfection with Entamoeba polecki and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in a pig with severe diarrhea

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cuvertoret-Sanz ◽  
Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang ◽  
Madeleine Lunardi ◽  
René Brunthaler ◽  
Mònica Coma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colonic Mucosa ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Intestinal Lesions ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Blastocystis Sp ◽  
Entamoeba Polecki

Enteric disease in pigs is usually of multifactorial etiology, including infectious and non-infectious factors. In many cases of endemic diarrhea in weaner-to-finisher pigs, the combination of 2 or more microorganisms leads to aggravation of intestinal lesions and, consequently, clinical signs. We autopsied a 4-mo-old fattening pig with diarrhea and diagnosed severe fibrinonecrotizing typhlocolitis. Numerous spiral-shaped bacteria and amoeba-like PAS-positive protozoa were observed in the cecal and colonic mucosa and submucosa. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was detected by PCR from colonic content. By in situ hybridization, large numbers of Entamoeba polecki were found within the lamina propria and submucosa; moderate numbers of Blastocystis sp. and scattered trichomonads were present in intestinal content. In addition, Entamoeba polecki, Balantidium spp., Blastocystis sp., and Trichomonas sp. were also detected by PCR.

scholarly journals Use of secnidazole and homeopathy for giardiasis control in dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. e2004
Author(s):  
Patrícia Glombowsky ◽  
Gabriela Campigotto ◽  
Maiara Sulzbach-Marchiori ◽  
Jorge A. Favaretto ◽  
Gabriela Miotto-Galli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
First Record ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Homeopathic Drug ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Homeopathic Drugs

Dogs with Giardia infections have diarrhea that persists for days, even after treatment. We managed canine giardiasis using two distinct approaches: treatment with the antiprotozoan secnidazole alone; and secnidazole plus a homeopathic product that is indicated for control of diarrhea in dogs. Treatment I: Ten beagle dogs showed clinical signs of severe diarrhea. Their feces revealed large numbers of cysts consistent with Giardia sp. Therefore, we treated the dogs with secnidazole (10 mg/kg, single dose) given orally. Five days after treatment, all dogs were negative for Giardia spp. Treatment II: Three months later, the same ten Beagles again presented with diarrhea. Feces were collected, revealing Giardia sp. in all dogs. This time, we treated them with an antiprotozoan (secnidazole, 10 mg/kg dose) combined with a commercial homeopathic drug for diarrhea control (3 g dose/animal at 12 h interval). We found that three to five homeopathic doses were needed to achieve normal fecal scores in all dogs. After 5 days of treatment, stool samples had normal consistency and were negative for Giardia. This is the first record of using secnidazole to control canine giardiasis associated with homeopathic drugs to prevent diarrhea.

scholarly journals Outbreaks of Typhlocolitis Caused by Hypervirulent Group ST1 Clostridioides difficile in Highly Immunocompromised Strains of Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-290
Author(s):  
Kathleen G L Ma ◽  
Kvin Lertpiriyapong ◽  
Alessandra Piersigilli ◽  
Irina Dobtsis ◽  
Juliette R K Wipf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Breeding Colony ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Immunocompromised Mice

Clostridioides difficile is an enteric pathogen that can cause significant clinical disease in both humans and animals. However, clinical disease arises most commonly after treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. The organism's ability to cause naturally occurring disease in mice is rare, and little is known about its clinical significance in highly immunocompromised mice. We report on 2 outbreaks of diarrhea associated with C. difficile in mice. In outbreak 1, 182 of approximately 2, 400 NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) and related strains of mice became clinically ill after cessation of a 14-d course of 0.12% amoxicillin feed to control an increase in clinical signs associated with Corynebacterium bovis infection. Most mice had been engrafted with human tumors; the remainder were experimentally naïve. Affected animals exhibited 1 of 3 clinical syndromes: 1) peracute death; 2) severe diarrhea leading to euthanasia or death; or 3) mild to moderate diarrhea followed by recovery. A given cage could contain both affected and unaffected mice. Outbreak 2 involved a small breeding colony (approximately 50 mice) of NOD. CB17-Prkdcscid/NCrCrl (NOD-scid) mice that had not received antibiotics or experimental manipulations. In both outbreaks, C. difficile was isolated, and toxins A and B were detected in intestinal content or feces. Histopathologic lesions highly suggestive of C. difficile enterotoxemia included fibrinonecrotizing and neutrophilic typhlocolitis with characteristic 'volcano' erosions or pseudomembrane formation. Genomic analysis of 4 isolates (3 from outbreak 1 and 1 from outbreak 2) revealed that these isolates were closely related to a pathogenic human isolate, CD 196. To our knowledge, this report is the first to describe naturally occurring outbreaks of C. difficile-associated typhlocolitis with significant morbidity and mortality in highly immunocompromised strains of mice.

Heritability of the Effect of Corticosteroids on Intraocular Pressure

1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 264-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.H. Reuling ◽  
J.T. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Topical Steroids ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Steroid Response ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Allele Pair ◽  
High Level ◽  
Genetically Determined

In the late 1950's and early 1960's, it became evident that some glaucoma patients developed elevations of intraocular pressure, which were difficult to control, following prolonged use of systemic or ocular medications containing corticosteroids (Chandler, 1955, Alfano, 1963; Armaly, 1963). In addition, some patients without glaucoma, when treated with steroids for long periods of time, developed clinical signs of chronic simple glaucoma (McLean, 1950; François, 1954; Covell, 1958; Linner, 1959; Goldman, 1962). Fortunately, the elevation of intraocular pressure was reversible if the drug was discontinued.Over the past decade, extensive investigation of the “steroid response” has been undertaken. For this presentation, the steroid response may be considered as a gradual elevation of intraocular pressure, occurring over several weeks, in an eye being medicated with corticosteroid drops several times a day. The elevation in pressure is usually accompanied by a reduction in the facility of aqueous outflow. When relatively large numbers of subjects were tested with topical steroids, so that a wide range of responsiveness could be observed, a variation in individual sensitivity was demonstrated. Frequency distributions of intraocular pressure or change in pressure following steroids showed a skew toward the high side. On the basis of trimodal characteristics which they observed in such frequency distributions, Becker and Hahn (1964), Becker (1965) and Armaly (1965, 1966) considered the possible existence of several genetically determined subpopulations. These investigators distinguished three subpopulations on the basis of low, intermediate, and high levels of pressure response. It was hypothesized that these levels of response characterized three phenotypes, corresponding to the three possible genotypes of an allele pair, wherein one member of the pair determined a low level of response, and the other member determined a high level of response (Armaly, 1967).

scholarly journals Mycoplasma hyorhinis as a possible cause of fibrinopurulent meningitis in pigs? - a case series

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Bünger ◽  
Rene Brunthaler ◽  
Christine Unterweger ◽  
Igor Loncaric ◽  
Maximiliane Dippel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyorhinis ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Systemic Spread ◽  
In Situ Detection ◽  
On Farm

Abstract Background Mycoplasma hyorhinis is an invader of the upper respiratory tract in swine that is considered to have ubiquitous distribution. It is mainly known for causing polyserositis and polyarthritis in weaned piglets, even though the mechanisms of systemic spread are not fully understood. Mycoplasma hyorhinis has also been associated with other diseases in pigs such as pneumonia or otitis media, but so far has not been known to cause central nervous disorders. This case series reports the isolation of Mycoplasma hyorhinis from cerebrospinal fluid and/ or meningeal swabs from piglets originating from four different piglet producing farms in Austria. Case presentation On farm 1, coughing, stiff movement and central nervous signs occurred in nursery piglets. Mycoplasma hyorhinis was the only pathogen isolated from meningeal swabs from two piglets showing central nervous signs. Fibrinopurulent leptomeningitis was only observed in one piglet. Only one of two nursery piglets from farm 2 showed mild central nervous signs but no histologic lesions; Mycoplasma hyorhinis was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of the piglet with neurologic signs. Mycoplasma hyorhinis was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of all three investigated piglets from farm 3, all of which showed central nervous signs and purulent leptomeningitis. Further, Streptococcus suis was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of one piglet. Fibrinopurulent leptomeningitis was detected in two piglets from farm 4 that had died overnight without showing any clinical signs and Mycoplasma hyorhinis was isolated from meningeal swabs from both piglets. Conclusion While causality has yet to be proven by experimental infection and in situ detection of the pathogen in histologic sections, the findings of this study and the absence of other pathogens suggest Mycoplasma hyorhinis as a potential causative agent of meningitis in swine.

scholarly journals Significance of Apoptosis in the Process of Tumorigenesis in Colorectal Mucosa and Adenomas in FAP Patients

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hildegard Weiß ◽  
Karl‐Heinz Jacobasch ◽  
Wolfgang Haensch ◽  
Brigitte Streller ◽  
Brigitte Hieke
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Dna Flow Cytometry ◽  
Cell Cycle Distribution ◽  
Apoptotic Cells ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Colorectal Mucosa ◽  
Proliferation And Apoptosis

The relation between proliferation and apoptosis was studied in colorectal mucosal biopsies (N=41), tubular adenomas (TA) (N=104) and tubulovillous adenomas (TVA) (N=34) from 37 FAP patients. Proliferative activity was determined by cell cycle distribution analysis. In addition, transcriptional capacity was determined by chromatin in situ testing. For both, DNA flow cytometry was used. Cycling cells were identified by immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody Ki67. The existence of subdiploid apoptotic cells was derived from DNA and/or DNA/protein patterns. In a follow‐up group, the mucosa is characterised by a balance between proliferation (S % + G2M % = 19) and apoptotic cells (% = 17). The percentage of Ki67 positive cells (16%) corresponds to the percentages mentioned above. In TA, the amount of apoptotic cells remains unaltered, in TVA it decreases to 8%. At the same time, the percentage of Ki67 positive cells increases significantly in both TA and TVA (39%, 42%). With patients who underwent surgery due to clinical signs without histological evidence for malignancy, apoptotic cells in TA continue to decrease significantly (9%), without any changes in cycling cells. Only in the carcinoma‐bearing bowel, cycling cells increase to 52%. Here, the percentage of apoptotic cells in TVA reaches the lowest level (5%). A connection between proliferation and apoptosis was observed in mucosa and TVA. The process of tumorigenesis is characterised by a stepwise increase in resistance to apoptosis followed by an increase in cycling cells.

scholarly journals CT Findings and Histological Evaluation of Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) with Chronic Head Trauma Injury: A Retrospective Study

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1010
Author(s):  
Luca Lacitignola ◽  
Rossella Samarelli ◽  
Nicola Zizzo ◽  
Elena Circella ◽  
Claudia Acquafredda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Trauma ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Post Mortem Findings ◽  
Trauma Injury

Large numbers of wild animals are injured every year in road traffic accidents. Scant data are available for rescued wild carnivores, in particular for red foxes. Cases of foxes with head trauma were retrospectively considered for inclusion in this study. Clinical examination, modified Glasgow coma scale (MGCS), computed tomography (CT) examination, therapy, outcome, and post mortem findings of the brain were investigated. In all foxes, cranial vaults lesion occurred in single (67%) or multiple sites (33%). Midline shift and hydrocephalus were observed in this population. The mean survival was 290 (±176) days. In our study, we performed CT scans on average 260 days after fox rescue, and we speculate that persisting clinical signs could be attributed to TBI. In our study, only two foxes were alive at the time of writing. Other foxes were euthanized due to the severity of the clinical signs. CT scans help diagnose chronic lesions and their effect on prognostic judgment for animals released to wildlife environments.

scholarly journals Case Report: Serial Topography Analysis After Acute Unilateral Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Jonathan Jay Lytle
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Corneal Topography ◽  
Laser In Situ Keratomileusis ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Fort Worth ◽  
Topical Corticosteroids ◽  
Gross Examination

Abstract Significance: Diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) is a widely reported complication of laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK); however, serial topography tracking the resolution of the condition is sparse. This case illustrates the healing profile which may be expected following an episode of DLK, and the patient reassurances which may be appropriate. Purpose: To report the topography changes and refractive resolution associated with a case of acute unilateral diffuse lamellar keratitis following bilateral femtosecond-assisted hyperopic LASIK. Case Report: A healthy 53-year old male presented with grade two-plus diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) 11 days after undergoing successful bilateral wavefront optimized (Alcon, Fort Worth, USA), femtosecond-assisted hyperopic LASIK. Resolution of the DLK was achieved in three weeks with topical corticosteroids. Stabilization of the patient’s topography and refractive error was observed two months after the resolution of the DLK. Conclusions: This case suggests that improvements in corneal topography and refractive error can be expected long after the clinical signs of DLK have subsided. Corneal irregularities and residual refractive errors (usually hyperopia and astigmatism) which exist at the time of resolution on gross examination should be monitored regularly and patients may be reassured that improvements appear likely even after topical regimens have been completed.

scholarly journals An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 with high mortality in mink (Neovison vison) on multiple Utah farms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrissy Eckstrand ◽  
Tom Baldwin ◽  
Mia Kim Torchetti ◽  
Mary Lea Killian ◽  
Kerry A Rood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Tracheobronchial Lymph Node ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The breadth of animal hosts that are susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and may serve as reservoirs for continued viral transmission are not known entirely. In August 2020, an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 occurred in multiple mink farms in Utah and was associated with high mink mortality and rapid viral transmission between animals. The outbreak's epidemiology, pathology, molecular characterization, and tissue distribution of virus within infected mink is provided. Infection of mink was likely by reverse zoonosis. Once established, infection spread rapidly between independently housed animals and farms, and caused severe respiratory disease and death. Clinical signs were most notably sudden death, anorexia, and increased respiratory effort. Gross pathology examination revealed severe pulmonary congestion and edema. Microscopically there was pulmonary edema with moderate vasculitis, perivasculitis, and fibrinous interstitial pneumonia. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of tissues collected at necropsy demonstrated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in multiple organs including nasal turbinates, lung, tracheobronchial lymph node, epithelial surfaces, and others. Whole genome sequencing from multiple mink was consistent with published SARS-CoV-2 genomes with few polymorphisms. The Utah mink SARS-CoV-2 strain fell into Clade GH, which is unique among mink and other animal strains sequenced to date and did not share other spike RBD mutations Y453F and F486L found in mink. Localization of viral RNA by in situ hybridization revealed a more localized infection, particularly of the upper respiratory tract. Mink in the outbreak reported herein had high levels of virus in the upper respiratory tract associated with mink-to-mink transmission in a confined housing environment and were particularly susceptible to disease and death due to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Detection of Swine Dysentery (SD) caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae via PCR in Northern Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1109-1116
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Thu Hang ◽  
Truong Quang Lam ◽  
Dao Le Anh ◽  
Nguyen Thi Hoa ◽  
Nguyen Thi Lan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Swine Dysentery ◽  
Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae ◽  
Northern Vietnam ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Weaning Pigs

This study aimed to diagnose swine dysentery (SD) caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in pigs by the PCR method in Vietnam. Of the 250 samples, 29 isolates of B. hyodysenteriae (11.60%) were identified by PCR in seven provinces of Northern Vietnam, and the infection rate differed from region to region. From the positive cases of B. hyodysenteriae, we analyzed B. hyodysenteriae infected cases according to the ages of the pigs, farm sizes, and veterinary hygiene practices to get more information about the disease in Vietnam. The results showed that the positive B. hyodysenteriae samples were commonly seen in post-weaning pigs (32.14%) in households (20.73%) with poor hygiene (24.69%). Clinical signs of SD included high fever (100%); anorexia (100%); watery, bloody diarrhea, usually gray to brown in color (100%); and weight loss (86.42%). Gross lesions of SD were limited to the large intestine were described as having a fibrinous, blood-flecked membrane covering the mucosa (93.75%), swollen with hemorrhaged colon and cecum (75.00%), and mesenteric lymph nodes (81.25%).

scholarly journals Brachyspira hyodysenteriae: detection, identification and antibiotic susceptibility

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 104-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Novotná ◽  
O. Škardová
Keyword(s):  
Colonic Mucosa ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Phenotypic Group ◽  
Rectal Swabs ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Darkfield Microscopy

101 samples of faeces, colonic mucosa and rectal swabs taken from 100 pigs (29 commercial herds) were cultivated on Trypticase Soy Agar with 5% of sheep blood, spectinomycin (200 mg/l), vancomycin (50 mg/l), rifampicin (12.5 mg/l) and colistin (12.5 mg/l). Plates were incubated in an anaerobic container at 37°C for 5–7 days. 25 samples (10 faeces, 15 scrapings of colonic mucosa) were examined by darkfield microscopy for the presence of spirochaetes. In 80 samples (21 faeces, 31 rectal swabs, 28 scrapings of colonic mucosa) from diarrhoeic pigs 44 isolates of spirochaetes were identified by PCR method as Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. In 21 samples (20 rectal swabs, 1 scraping of colonic mucosa) taken from apparently healthy pigs in herds with swine dysentery were isolated weakly haemolytic spirochaetes: B. intermedia in 5 samples and phenotypic group III brachyspirae in 4 samples. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tylosin, tiamulin and valnemulin was determined by the agar dilution method. To tylosin 16 out of 17 strains of B. hyodysenteriae were resistant (MIC 64 and 256 µg/l), one strain was susceptible (MIC l µg/ml). To tiamulin 17 out of 19 strains were susceptible (MIC from 0.016 to 0.25 µg/ml), one strain was intermediately susceptible (MIC 2 µg/ml) and one resistant (MIC 32 µg/ml). To valnemulin 17 out of 19 strains were susceptible (MIC from 0.016 to 0.064 µg/ml), one strain was intermediately susceptible (MIC2µg/ml) and one was resistant (MIC 8 µg/ml). Valnemulin resistant strain was also resistant to tiamulin.

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