IJEPA: Gray Area for Health Policy and International Nurse Migration

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferry Efendi ◽  
Timothy Ken Mackey ◽  
Mei-Chih Huang ◽  
Ching-Min Chen
Keyword(s):  
Health Worker ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
Nurse Migration ◽  
Policy Proposal ◽  
Economic Partnership Agreement ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Partnership Agreement ◽  
Health Worker Migration

Indonesia is recognized as a nurse exporting country, with policies that encourage nursing professionals to emigrate abroad. This includes the country’s adoption of international principles attempting to protect Indonesian nurses that emigrate as well as the country’s own participation in a bilateral trade and investment agreement, known as the Indonesia–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement that facilitates Indonesian nurse migration to Japan. Despite the potential trade and employment benefits from sending nurses abroad under the Indonesia–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement, Indonesia itself is suffering from a crisis in nursing capacity and ensuring adequate healthcare access for its own populations. This represents a distinct challenge for Indonesia in appropriately balancing domestic health workforce needs, employment, and training opportunities for Indonesian nurses, and the need to acknowledge the rights of nurses to freely migrate abroad. Hence, this article reviews the complex operational and ethical issues associated with Indonesian health worker migration under the Indonesia–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement. It also introduces a policy proposal to improve performance of the Indonesia–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement and better align it with international principles focused on equitable health worker migration.

scholarly journals DIPLOMASI EKONOMI INDONESIA DAN PASAR PROSPEKTIF DI KAWASAN PACIFIC ALLIANCE: STUDI KASUS MEKSIKO DAN CHILE

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Leonard Hutabarat
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
Economic Partnership Agreement ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Partnership Agreement

This article argues that Indonesian economic diplomacy should consider Mexico and Chile as member of Pacific Alliance in Latin American region as the prospective markets for Indonesia in the future. As emerging economies, these two countries have positive economic projection, population growth and their demand for import products from other region. Based on economic diplomacy concept, Indonesian efforts to negotiate bilateral trade agreements (free trade agreement) or Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with Mexico and Chile will be part of longterm strategy to build these countries as two of Indonesian non traditional markets. Keywords : Economic Diplomacy, Pacific Alliance, Mexico, Chile Abstrak Artikel ini berargumen bahwa diplomasi ekonomi Indonesia perlu mempertimbangkan Meksiko dan Chile yang merupakan negara anggota Aliansi Pasifik di kawasan Amerika Latin sebagai pasar prospektif bagi Indonesia pada masa yang akan datang. Sebagai emerging economies, kedua negara ini memiliki proyeksi ekonomi yang positif, pertumbuhan penduduk dan kebutuhannya terhadap produk-produk impor dari kawasan lain. Berdasarkan konsep diplomasi ekonomi, upaya-upaya Indonesia untuk menegosiasikan perjanjian-perjanjian perdagangan bilateralnya (perjanjian perdagangan bebas) atau Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) dengan Meksiko dan Chile akan menjadi bagian dari starategi jangka panjang untuk mengembangkan kedua negara ini sebagai dua pasar non tradisional Indonesia. Kata Kunci : Diplomasi Ekonomi, Aliansi Pasifik, Meksiko, Chile

scholarly journals DAMPAK PERJANJIAN PERDAGANGAN INDONESIA - JEPANG (IJEPA) TERHADAP KINERJA PERDAGANGAN BILATERAL

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-151
Author(s):  
Septika Tri Ardiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Arima Model ◽  
Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average ◽  
Monitoring Scheme ◽  
Economic Partnership Agreement ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Partnership Agreement ◽  
The Impact

Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dampak perjanjian Indonesia – Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) terhadap perdagangan bilateral Indonesia-Jepang dari sisi ekspor maupun impor, dengan menggunakan data bulanan Januari 1990 sampai dengan Juni 2014. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan counterfactual dengan melakukan ekstrapolasi terhadap data perdagangan tanpa FTA (basis ekstrapolasi Jan 1990-Juni 2008) dan kemudian membandingkannya dengan data perdagangan aktual pada saat IJEPA telah diimplementasikan (Juli 2008-Juni 2014). Ekstrapolasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), sementara untuk menguji perbedaan antara kedua pengamatan data aktual dengan data ekstrapolasi digunakan uji t -berpasangan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa IJEPA secara signifikan mampu meningkatkan nilai ekspor non migas Indonesia ke Jepang, namun tidak memiliki dampak signifikan terhadap peningkatan nilai impor non migas Indonesia dari Jepang. Dengan demikian, Indonesia terbukti mendapatkan keuntungan dari sisi perdagangan karena mampu meningkatkan nilai ekspornya ke Jepang. Oleh karena itu, kerjasama yang intensif antara kedua negara harus terus ditingkatkan untuk mengoptimalkan perjanjian tersebut. Pemerintah dapat mengusulkan adanya bilateral monitoring scheme kepada pemerintah Jepang dalam rangka meningkatkan pemanfaatan IJEPA. This study aims at examining the impact of Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) towards bilateral trade between Indonesia and Japan, using monthly data from January 1990 to June 2014. This research used a counterfactual approach by constructing extrapolated trade values with pre-FTA data (extrapolation based on January 1990-June 2008), then comparing those extrapolated data with the actual trade data in the period after the implementation of IJEPA (July 2008-June 2014). The extrapolation was done using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model, while paired t-test was used to examine the difference between the actual data and the extrapolated data. The results show that IJEPA can significantly increase the value of Indonesia’s non-oil exports to Japan, but it has no significant impact on the value of Indonesia’s non-oil imports from Japan. It is proven that Indonesia gets benefits from IJEPA in terms of foreign trade since it can increase its export value to Japan. Therefore, intensive cooperation between Indonesia and Japan should be improved by proposing a bilateral monitoring scheme to the Japanese government in order to improve the functions of IJEPA.

scholarly journals Isu Standar Pada Perdagangan Indonesia-Australia Dalam Kerja Sama IACEPA

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-46
Author(s):  
Danar Agus Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Bargaining Position ◽  
Economic Partnership Agreement ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Partnership Agreement

Abstrak Salah satu isu penting terkait kerja sama perdagangan Indonesia - Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IACEPA) adalah  ‘standar’. Isu standar berhubungan dengan kepentingan konsumen, kesehatan dan keamanan, perlindungan lingkungan dan manajemen, sehingga berkaitan dengan hubungan perdagangan dan internasionalisasi produk. Isu standar pada IACEPA perlu diperhatikan dan dianalisis karena dapat menjadi kendala atau hambatan dalam hubungan perdagangan Indonesia dan Australia. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola perdagangan Indonesia-Australia termasuk membahas isu standar yang mungkin akan menjadi hambatan dan kendala dalam IACEPA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Australia merupakan rekan perdagangan yang penting bagi Indonesia dan begitu juga sebaliknya. Antara kedua negara, proses perdagangan bersifat saling melengkapi atau komplementer. Keterlibatan dan partisipasi Australia dalam forum pengembangan standar internasional lebih besar daripada Indonesia. Australia juga memiliki posisi tawar dan pengaturan yang lebih kompleks, baik dari segi kuantitas maupun kualitas dalam perdagangan bilateral pada sektor electrotechnology, energy, manufacturing, processing, building dan construction. Semua sektor ini memiliki 64% dari 1743 standar di Australia yang dapat berpotensi menjadi hambatan perdagangan bagi Indonesia. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan bahwa Indonesia dan Australia perlu melakukan kesepakatan terkait penerapan standar terhadap suatu produk dan perjanjian saling pengakuan dan saling keberterimaan atas hasil sertifikasi. Kata Kunci: IACEPA, Standar, Regulasi Teknis, Standardisasi dan Penilaian Kesesuaian   Abstract One of the important issues on the Indonesia - Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IACEPA) is a standard. Standard relates to consumer interests, health and safety, environmental protection and management, therefore its relates to trade and product internationalization. The standard issue is important to be considered and analysed as it can be an obstacle in trade relations between Indonesia and Australia. The purpose of the study was to analyze Indonesia-Australia  trade patterns and to discuss the standardization issue that might become constraints in IACEPA. The results showed that Australia is an important trading partner for Indonesia and vice versa. Between the two countries, the trade process is complementary. Australia's involvement and participation in the forum for developing international standards is greater than that of Indonesia. Australia also has a more complex bargaining position and arrangements, both in terms of quantity and quality in bilateral trade in the sector of electrotechnology, energy, manufacturing, processing, building and construction. All of these sectors have 64% of the 1743 standards-based technical regulations in Australia that could potentially be a trade barrier for Indonesia. The study recommended Indonesia and Australia need to agree the implementations of standards on particular products and mutual recognition arrangements on certifications. Keywords: IACEPA, Standard, Technical Regulation, Standardization and Conformity Assessment JEL Classification: F12, F13, F63, G18, L15

scholarly journals Taiwan — A Potential Economic Partner of South Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 2150006
Author(s):  
MOHAMMAD MASUDUR RAHMAN
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Investment Agreement ◽  
Alternative Markets ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Partnership Agreement ◽  
Trade And Investment

Taiwan is a major hub of the global supply chains and one of the leading investors not only in China but also in other Southeast Asian markets. Although high trade complementary, bilateral trade between South Asia and Taiwan is only about US$ 9 billion, investment has only picked up recently. The computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis indicates a substantial economic benefit of bilateral tariffs elimination between Taiwan and its South Asian partners. Taiwan has a substantial comparative advantage in producing high tech manufacturing goods while in South Asian’s main strength is in the resource-based agricultural and light manufacturing sector. Taiwan has been maintained a liberalized trade regime with minimal import tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTM) over the decades. As South Asia is booming, and Taiwan is seeking alternative markets and investments opportunities, it is time to deepen a bilateral economic relationship. South Asia is a market of 1.5 billion people with an emerging middle class along with substantial cheaper labor forces, made an ideal place for investment. A comprehensive economic partnership agreement (CEPA) with a preferential trade and investment agreement would be useful to attract Taiwanese multinationals and seamless trade between South Asia and Taiwan.

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN KERJA SAMA INDONESIA-JEPANG ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT (IJEPA) DAN INDONESIA – PAKISTAN PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENT (IPPTA)

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-204
Author(s):  
Endah Ayu Ningsih ◽  
Telisa Aulia Falianty ◽  
Fitri Tri Budiarti
Keyword(s):  
Trade Balance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Preferential Trade Agreement ◽  
Preferential Trade ◽  
Economic Partnership Agreement ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Partnership Agreement

AbstrakPenelitian ini mengevaluasi tingkat pemanfaatan Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) dan Indonesia-Pakistan Preferential Trade Agreement (IPPTA) dalam ekspor dan impor Indonesia ke Jepang dan Pakistan. Tingkat pemanfaatan FTA untuk ekspor menggunakan rasio nilai perdagangan yang termuat dalam Surat Keterangan Asal (SKA) terhadap nilai ekspor ke negara mitra. Sedangkan tingkat pemanfaatan impor menggunakan rasio nilai impor produk yang memenuhi syarat terhadap total impor Indonesia dari negara mitra. Studi ini menemukan bahwa pemanfaatan IJEPA (2012-2016) cenderung menurun. Pada tahun 2016 tingkat pemanfaatan ekspor sebesar 47,2%. Sementara pemanfaatan IPPTA untuk ekspor ke Pakistan mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan sejak diimplementasi tahun 2013 dengan tingkat pemanfaatan ekspor sebesar 72,0% pada tahun 2016. Di sisi impor pemanfaatan IJEPA mencapai 67,7% sementara IPPTA hanya 18,8% (2016). Pemanfaatan impor IJEPA dan IPPTA relatif stagnan, jumlah perusahaan yang menggunakan SKA IJEPA sudah pada level jenuh, sementara pengguna SKA IPPTA masih tumbuh 18,2% per tahun. Bentuk PTA lebih memberikan dampak positif bagi peningkatan ekspor Indonesia ke negara mitra dibandingkan FTA yang komprehensif. Kebijakan melakukan FTA dalam bentuk Economic Partnership perlu disertai dengan kerja sama yang menjamin peningkatan perdagangan yang seimbang antar negara anggota. AbstractThis study aims to address the utilization level of The Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) and Indonesia-Pakistan Preferential Trade Agreement (IPPTA). The level of FTA utilization for exports was measured by the ratio of trade value recorded in the Certificate of Origin (CoO) to Indonesia’s export value to the related country. While the level of utilization of imports was defined by the ratio of the import value of eligible products to Indonesia's total imports from the related country. The study found IJEPA’s utilization during 2012-2016 tended to decrease. In 2016, the level of utilization was about 47.2%. While IPPTA utilization for exports to Pakistan experienced a significant increase since it was implemented in 2013 with a rate of export utilization was 72.0% in 2016. On the import side, the level of utilization under IJEPA reached 67.7% while IPPTA was only 18.8% at the same period. In terms of the imports utilization level of both IJEPA and IPPTA, it was relatively stagnant, while the number of companies utilize IJEPA’s CoO was saturated. In contrast, IPPTA’s CoO users still grew at 18.2% per year. This study concluded PTA provides more positive impact on increasing Indonesia's exports to related countries than comprehensive FTAs. Thus, establishing an FTA in the form of an Economic Partnership needs to be followed with the cooperation that guarantees trade balance within the parties.

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