scholarly journals Choosing, Doing, and Controlling: Implicit Sense of Agency Over Somatosensory Events

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 882-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khatereh Borhani ◽  
Brianna Beck ◽  
Patrick Haggard
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Temporal Binding ◽  
Sensory Attenuation ◽  
Instrumental Control

Sense of agency—a feeling of control over one’s actions and their outcomes—might include at least two components: free choice over which outcome to pursue and motoric control over the action causing the outcome. We orthogonally manipulated locus of outcome choice (free or instructed choice) and motoric control (active or passive movement), while measuring the perceived temporal attraction between actions and outcomes ( temporal binding) as an implicit marker of agency. Participants also rated stimulus intensity so that we could measure sensory attenuation, another possible implicit marker of agency. Actions caused higher or lower levels of either painful heat or mild electrotactile stimulation. We found that both motoric control and outcome choice contributed to outcome binding. Moreover, free choice, relative to instructed choice, attenuated the perceived magnitude of high-intensity outcomes, but only when participants made an active movement. Thus, choosing, not just doing, influences temporal binding and sensory attenuation, though in different ways. Our results show that these implicit measures of agency are sensitive to both voluntary motor commands and instrumental control over action outcomes.

EXPRESS: Behavioral evidence of altered sensory attenuation in obesity

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110657
Author(s):  
Federica Scarpina ◽  
Carlotta Fossataro ◽  
Alice Rossi Sebastiano ◽  
Francesca Bruni ◽  
Massimo Scacchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Attenuation Effect ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Control Framework ◽  
Sensory Attenuation ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Conscious Belief

Body ownership (i.e., the conscious belief of owning a body) and sense of agency (i.e., being the agent of one’s own movements) are part of a pre-reflective experience of bodily self, which grounds on low-level complex sensory–motor processes. While previous literature had already investigated body ownership in obesity, sense of agency was never explored. Here, we exploited the sensory attenuation effect (i.e., an implicit marker of the sense of agency; SA effect) to investigate whether the sense of agency was altered in a sample of eighteen individuals affected by obesity as compared with eighteen healthy-weight individuals. In our experiment, participants were asked to rate the perceived intensity of self-generated and other-generated tactile stimuli. Healthy-weight individuals showed a significantly greater SA effect than participants affected by obesity. Indeed, while healthy-weight participants perceived self-generated stimuli as significantly less intense as compared to externally generated ones, this difference between stimuli was not reported by affected participants. Our results relative to the SA effect pinpointed an altered sense of agency in obesity. We discussed this finding within the motor control framework with reference to obesity. We encouraged future research to further explore such effect and its role in shaping the clinical features of obesity.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus colonization inside citrus plant and Huanglongbing disease development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheo Shankar Pandey ◽  
Fernanda N.C. Vasconcelos ◽  
Nian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Passive Movement ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Different Tissues

Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the causal agent of citrus huanglongbing, colonizes inside the phloem and is naturally transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal CLas colonization in different tissues post ACP transmission. At 75 day-post-ACP-removal (DPR), CLas was detected in roots of all trees, but in the mature leaf of only one tree, of the nine plants that were successfully infected via ACP transmission, consistent with the model that CLas moves passively from the source to sink. CLas was detected in 11.1%, and 43.1% mature leaves, which were unfed by ACPs during transmission, at 75, and 365 DPR, respectively, unveiling active movement to the source tissue. The difference in colonization timing of sink and source tissues indicates CLas is capable of both passive and active movement with passive movement being dominant. At 225 DPR, leaves fed by ACPs during the young stage showed the highest ratio of HLB symptomatic leaves and highest CLas titer, followed by that of leaves emerged post ACP removal, and mature leaves not fed by ACPs. Importantly, our data showed that ACPs were unable to transmit CLas via feeding on mature leaves. It is estimated that it takes at most three years for CLas to infect the whole tree. Overall, the spatiotemporal detection of CLas in different tissues after ACP transmission helps visualize the infection process of CLas in planta and subsequent HLB symptom development, and provides the knowledge supporting that young leaves should be the focus of HLB management.

Shifts in Kinesthesis through Time and after Active and Passive Movement

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Craske ◽  
Martin Crawshaw
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Position Sense ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Limb Position ◽  
Test Position ◽  
The Right

The position sense of a stationary arm was investigated subsequent to an horizontally adductive movement with axis the shoulder joint. The right arm was the treated arm: it reached a test position actively, using minimal voluntary effort, or passively from each of 10 starting positions. The blindfolded S localized the index finger of the treated arm by attempting to touch it with the index finger of his left hand. The results indicate that subsequent to active movement the final position of a limb is more accurately known than a position resulting from passive movement. A second finding is that concomitant with both forms of limb placement there is a unidirectional drift of perceived limb position over trials.

Acute Exercise Modulates Feature-selective Responses in Human Cortex

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Bullock ◽  
James C. Elliott ◽  
John T. Serences ◽  
Barry Giesbrecht
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Tuning Curve ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Sensory Cortex ◽  
Orientation Discrimination ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise

An organism's current behavioral state influences ongoing brain activity. Nonhuman mammalian and invertebrate brains exhibit large increases in the gain of feature-selective neural responses in sensory cortex during locomotion, suggesting that the visual system becomes more sensitive when actively exploring the environment. This raises the possibility that human vision is also more sensitive during active movement. To investigate this possibility, we used an inverted encoding model technique to estimate feature-selective neural response profiles from EEG data acquired from participants performing an orientation discrimination task. Participants (n = 18) fixated at the center of a flickering (15 Hz) circular grating presented at one of nine different orientations and monitored for a brief shift in orientation that occurred on every trial. Participants completed the task while seated on a stationary exercise bike at rest and during low- and high-intensity cycling. We found evidence for inverted-U effects; such that the peak of the reconstructed feature-selective tuning profiles was highest during low-intensity exercise compared with those estimated during rest and high-intensity exercise. When modeled, these effects were driven by changes in the gain of the tuning curve and in the profile bandwidth during low-intensity exercise relative to rest. Thus, despite profound differences in visual pathways across species, these data show that sensitivity in human visual cortex is also enhanced during locomotive behavior. Our results reveal the nature of exercise-induced gain on feature-selective coding in human sensory cortex and provide valuable evidence linking the neural mechanisms of behavior state across species.

scholarly journals Sense of Agency in Multi-Step Actions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Garrido-Vásquez ◽  
Tanja Rock
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Perception Of Causality ◽  
Sensory Effects ◽  
One Step ◽  
Sensory Attenuation ◽  
The One

In our daily lives, we frequently execute actions that require several steps to bring about the outcome. However, investigations on how the sense of agency—the sense of controlling our actions and their outcomes—evolves in multi-step actions are still lacking. The purpose of the present research is to fill this gap. In the present study, the participants executed one-step, two-step, and three-step actions in which one, two, or three keys had to be pressed consecutively to generate a tone. We used sensory attenuation as an implicit measure of the sense of agency. Sensory attenuation means that self-produced sensory effects are perceived as less intense than externally generated effects. In the present experiment, sensory attenuation was measured in a psychophysical paradigm and increased in multi-step actions compared to the one-step action. We also asked the participants to explicitly rate the amount to which they felt that they had generated the tone. Ratings were highest in the one-step condition and dropped for multi-step actions, thus showing the opposite pattern of the sensory attenuation data. We assume that enhanced sensory attenuation in multi-step actions could be due to increased effort or more accurate sensorimotor predictions of action effects. The decrease in explicit ratings for multi-step actions might be attributed to reduced perception of causality.

Correlations between task-related activity and responses to perturbation in primate sensorimotor cortex

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1122-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Wolpaw
Keyword(s):  
Passive Movement ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Muscle Stretch ◽  
Wrist Extension ◽  
Active Flexion ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
Passive Movements

1. Monkeys were trained to maintain hand position against a range of constant forces. Short-latency responses to passive wrist extension or flexion, as well as short-latency responses to stretch of a single wrist muscle, were recorded from units in areas 4, 3, 1, and 2. These responses were compared to unit activity during active holding and during active movement. 2. Units related to active holding and to active movement were most common in areas 4 and 2. Three-quarters of these units displayed a specific correlation between their passive and active behaviors. Thus, a unit excited by passive extension was excited during active holding against extension force and excited during an active flexion movement. This behavior is similar to the expected concurrent behavior of muscle stretch receptors. By demonstrating that a significant number of task-related units give qualitatively similar responses to passive extension and passive flexion, the results appear to explain the disagreement among previous studies (5, 9, 36) in regard to area 4 behavior during active and passive movements. 3. Area 4 units responded similarly to passive wrist extension and electromagnetic stretch of a single flexor muscle occurring in the absence of wrist extension, indicating that muscle stretch was important in determining area 4 unit responses to passive movements. 4. The similarity of area 4 behavior to area 2 behavior in active and passive situations, along with the observation that area 2 responses to passive movements occurred several milliseconds earlier than those of area 4, emphasizes the importance of area 2 in motor performance and is consistent with significant area 2 mediation of area 4 responses. 5. Results support the hypothesis of an oligosynaptic transcortical pathway (22, 32, 34), beginning in large part with muscle stretch receptors. Furthermore, the correlation noted between short-latency responses to passive movement and task-related activity suggests that this transcortical pathway not only mediates responses to passive movement but may be responsible, to a significant degree, for task-related activity during undisturbed performance. Thus, active position maintenance and active movement were probably accomplished, at least in part, by increasing and decreasing the influence of this pathway on specific area 4 neurons and thereby producing the patterns of area 4 activity responsible for task performance.

scholarly journals Temporal binding window and sense of agency are related processes modifiable via occipital tACS

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256987
Author(s):  
Agnese Venskus ◽  
Francesca Ferri ◽  
Daniele Migliorati ◽  
Sara Spadone ◽  
Marcello Costantini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Temporal Binding ◽  
Temporal Binding Window ◽  
Temporal Grouping

The temporal binding window refers to the time frame within which temporal grouping of sensory information takes place. Sense of agency is the feeling of being in control of one’s actions, and their associated outcomes. While previous research has shown that temporal cues and multisensory integration play a role in sense of agency, no studies have directly assessed whether individual differences in the temporal binding window and sense of agency are associated. In all three experiments, to assess sense of agency, participants pressed a button triggering, after a varying delay, the appearance of the circle, and reported their sense of agency over the effect. To assess the temporal binding window a simultaneity judgment task (Experiment 1) and a double-flash illusion task (Experiment 2 and 3) was also performed. As expected, the temporal binding window correlated with the sense of agency window. In Experiment 3, these processes were modulated by applying occipital tACS at either 14Hz or 8Hz. We found 14Hz tACS stimulation was associated with narrower temporal biding window and sense of agency window. Our results suggest the temporal binding window and the time window of sense of agency are related. They also point towards a possible underlying neural mechanism (alpha peak frequency) for this association.

scholarly journals Responses of somatosensory area 2 neurons to actively and passively generated limb movements

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (6) ◽  
pp. 1505-1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. London ◽  
Lee E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Motor Command ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
Efference Copy ◽  
Forward Model ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Noisy Input ◽  
Neural Discharge ◽  
Passive Movements

Control of reaching movements requires an accurate estimate of the state of the limb, yet sensory signals are inherently noisy, because of both noise at the receptors themselves and the stochastic nature of the information representation by neural discharge. One way to derive an accurate representation from noisy sensor data is to combine it with the output of a forward model that considers both the previous state estimate and the noisy input. We recorded from primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in macaques ( Macaca mulatta) during both active and passive movements to investigate how the proprioceptive representation of movement in S1 may be modified by the motor command (through efference copy). We found neurons in S1 that respond to one or both movement types covering a broad distribution from active movement only, to both, to passive movement only. Those neurons that responded to both active and passive movements responded with similar directional tuning. Confirming earlier results, some, but not all, neurons responded before the onset of volitional movements, possibly as a result of efference copy. Consequently, many of the features necessary to combine the forward model with proprioceptive feedback appear to be present in S1. These features would not be expected from combinations of afferent receptor responses alone.

scholarly journals The Power of Suggestion: Posthypnotically Induced Changes in the Temporal Binding of Intentional Action Outcomes

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lush ◽  
Emilie A. Caspar ◽  
Axel Cleeremans ◽  
Patrick Haggard ◽  
Pedro Alexandre Magalhães De Saldanha da Gama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intentional Action ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Intentional Binding ◽  
Strategic Action ◽  
Temporal Binding ◽  
Induced Changes

The sense of agency is the experience of initiating and controlling one’s voluntary actions and their outcomes. Intentional binding (i.e., when voluntary actions and their outcomes are perceived to occur closer together in time than involuntary actions and their outcomes) is increased in intentional action but requires no explicit reflection on agency. The reported experience of involuntariness is central to hypnotic responding, during which strategic action is experienced as involuntary. We report reduced intentional binding in a hypnotically induced experience of involuntariness, providing an objective correlate of reports of involuntariness. We argue that this reduced binding results from the diminished influence of motor intentions in the generation of the sense of agency when beliefs about whether an action is intended are altered. Thus, intentional binding depends on awareness of intentions. This finding shows that changes in metacognition of intentions affect perception.

scholarly journals Fracture Patella - Outcome of Early Movement of Knee After Stable Fixation

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-13
Author(s):  
Mohd Reza Ul Karim ◽  
Moklesur Rahman ◽  
Md Anisur Rahman Howlader ◽  
Md Shahidullah ◽  
Abdur Rahman Mollah
Keyword(s):  
Functional Status ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Fracture Site ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Stable Fixation ◽  
Knee Movement ◽  
Fracture Patella

The study was carried out at Combined Military Hospitals of Jessore and Dhaka over a period of three and half years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional status of the knee joint by allowing early knee movement after stable fixation of fracture patella in 18 patients. The commonest age group involved in fracture patella was at the fourth and fifth decade (66.66 %). Road traffic accident (RTA) and domestic injuries like fall in the slippery ground were the major causes of fracture and the incidences were similar (44.44%). Stable fixation was achieved by applying modified tension band wiring in 7 patients but remaining 11 patients required additional cerclage wiring. Postoperatively (within 48 to 72 hours) when the pain was tolerable, assisted active movement of the knee was started. Subsequently assisted active, active and passive movement of knee along with quadriceps exercise was continued. The functional status of the knee was assessed according to a predecided subjective and objective evaluation chart. 13 patients (72.23%) found satisfactory (Excellent and good) in subjective evaluation and 16 (88.89%) in objective evaluation. One patient who did not follow the post operative advice adequately, developed more than 2 mm displacement at the fracture site and about 25° extension lag. It has been revealed that initiating early postoperative knee movement after stable fixation of fracture patella could prevent stiffness of knee and thereby confers better function. Key Words: Fracture patella, Early movement, Stable fixation.   doi: 10.3329/jafmc.v5i1.2843 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 5, No 1 (June) 2009 pp.11-13

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