Does the Economic Decline of the West and the Rise of China Encourage NGO Crackdown?

2021 ◽  
pp. 089976402198943
Author(s):  
Christopher Adolph ◽  
Aseem Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
The West ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
Trade Sanctions ◽  
Export Destination ◽  
Norm Acceptance ◽  
The Rise Of China ◽  
Western Democracies

Laws restricting foreign funding to domestically operating nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have proliferated in developing countries. This is puzzling because Western powers support the norm that NGOs are critical for democracy and development, recommend governments partner with NGOs, and sometimes use trade sanctions to encourage adherence to this norm. We examine whether rising trade with China influences the onset of NGO restrictions. China, which has emerged as an important export destination, articulates a different norm of state sovereignty over NGOs and does not sanction developing countries that enact restrictive NGO laws. Analysis of 153 developing countries from 2000 to 2015 finds that increasing exports to China may double the risk of NGO crackdown, but only when accompanied by declining exports to Western democracies. NGO scholars should recognize there are multiple norms about state-NGO relationship and that norm acceptance is influenced by the economic clout of the power that espouses a particular norm.

Mega-Events and Social Change

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Roche
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
The West ◽  
Mega Events ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
The Media ◽  
Relative Decline ◽  
Modernization Process ◽  
The Rise Of China

This book analyses the biggest, most spectacular and at times most controversial types of events, namely ‘mega-events’, and particularly recent Olympics and Expos. In this respect it builds on the sociological, historical and empirical account of mega-events originally presented in Roche’s influential study ‘Mega-Events and Modernity’ (2000). This new book addresses how mega-events have changed in recent times. It argues that contemporary mega-events reflect the major social changes which now influence our societies, particularly in the West, and which amount to a new ‘second phase’ of the modernization process. These are particularly visible in the media, urban and global locational aspects of mega-events. The book suggests that contemporary mega-events, both in their achievements and their vulnerabilities, reflect, in the media sphere, the rise of the internet; in the urban sphere, de-industrialisation and the growing ecological crisis; and in the global sphere, the relative decline of the West and the rise of China and other ‘emerging’ countries. It investigates the way in which contemporary mega-events reflect, but also mark and influence, social changes in each of these three contexts.

Boundary-Crossing Words, Beliefs, and Experiences

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Gang
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Boundary Crossing ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
The West ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Cultural Encounter ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
The Rise Of China ◽  
Modern Era

The rise of China as a leading power in today’s world has attracted increasing scholarly attention to the country’s encounter with the West (primarily referring to Europe and North America in this volume) in the modern era, i.e., from the late sixteenth to the early twentieth centuries. While more recent research began to shift away from the model of a tradition–modernity polarity in explaining late imperial Chinese history, new approaches have been proposed to explore a broader range of subjects tied with the richly documented exchanges between China and the West since the sixteenth century. However, there is still a lack of collaborative effort to examine how Western culture, long shaped by the dominant Christian religion, was conceptualized and imagined by late imperial Chinese people, and vice versa, how Confucian-based Chinese culture was understood and interpreted in modern Europe and North America. Indeed, the multilayered two-way flows of words, beliefs, and experiences in such a significant cross-cultural encounter open up intriguing possibilities for further investigation. This volume, which consists of seven studies, presents cutting-edge research on the formation and transformation of different types of knowledge, perceptions, and representations exchanged between China and the West through the modern period. It aims to shed new light and provide refreshing perspectives for future exploration of related subjects in this field....

scholarly journals Analysis of Chinglish from the Perspective of Feminism

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Mingjing Su
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
The West ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Chinese Men ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
The Rise Of China ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Variation Tendency

<p><em>Xi Yan is one of the protagonists and plays a significant role in Chinglish. The paper applies feminism to analyze Xi Yan and to find out what it represents. As opposed to the traditional women, Xi Yan goes after physical pleasure and spiritual fulfillment and gains both spiritual and physical freedom. In contrast with Chinese men, she performs even better than men and wins a certain economic and social status. In terms of foreign men, she prevails in the relationship with Daniel, which is a symbol of the rise of women that portends the rise of China.</em></p><em>The findings demonstrate that: Xi Yan symbolizes the transformation of modern women from being suppressed to the pursuit of spiritual and physical liberation; she is on behalf of strong women who try to improve the situation of women, in pursuit of equality; and the change in the relative power of male and female reveals the variation tendency of the relative force of the East and the West.</em>

4. From the end of the cold war to a new world dis-order?

2019 ◽  
pp. 70-83
Author(s):  
Michael Cox
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International System ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
The West ◽  
Clinton Presidency ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Rise Of China

This chapter provides a broad overview of the international system between the end of the cold war— when many claimed that liberalism and the West had triumphed— through to the second decade of the twenty-first century, when the West itself and the liberal economic order it had hitherto promoted appeared to be coming under increased pressure from political forces at home and new challenges abroad. But before we turn to the present, the chapter will look at some of the key developments since 1989—including the Clinton presidency, the George W. Bush administration’s foreign policy following the attacks of 9/11, the 2008 financial crash, the crisis in Europe, the transitions taking place in the global South, the origins of the upheavals now reshaping the Middle East, the political shift from Barack Obama to Donald Trump, the emergence of Asia, and the rise of China. The chapter then concludes by examining two big questions: first, is power now shifting away from the West, and second, to what extent does the current wave of populism in the West threaten globalization and the liberal order?

scholarly journals THE RISE OF CHINA BETWEEN CULTURAL AND CIVILIZATIONAL RATIONALITIES: LESSONS FROM FOUR QING CASES

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Chih-Yu Shih ◽  
Chihyun Chang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Orientation ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
The West ◽  
Cultural Resource ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
Rising China ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The Rise Of China

The rise of China is a major feature of global politics at the beginning of the twenty-first century, and one that raises the question of how a rising China and global politics will adapt to each other. This study argues that historical cases are also useful in addressing this question. Four cases are compared: two during the reign of Emperor Xianfeng and another two under the rule of Emperor Guangxu. Emperor Xianfeng's view of China was that it possessed a unique culture that should be separated from alien forces, which he intuitively conceived as different, whereas Emperor Guangxu accepted exchanges with the West as a civilization and was willing to learn from them as a cultural resource. Despite this difference in their political perspectives, both emperors similarly faced constraints to their power in implementing their policies. Two cases are selected for each emperor to demonstrate how they acted differently from a cultural orientation of estrangement and exchange on one hand as well as a position of strength and weakness on the other. This comparative study provides insights into how China in the twenty-first century adapts to its expanding influence.

scholarly journals Foreign Aid to Timor-Leste and the Rise of China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Talesco
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
International System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Development Assistance Committee ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
Timor Leste ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
The Rise Of China ◽  
Different Levels

Foreign aid forms an important part of a state’s identity within the international system. The established dichotomy saw developed countries giving aid, while developing countries were receiving it. Nevertheless, China’s ‘rise’, along with that of other ‘emerging economies’, changed such a dualist view; or at least undermined the traditional concept of aid giving. China is becoming a world power, it is the second largest economy, yet it is still within the group of developing countries. However, it provides a considerable amount of foreign aid worldwide. This is destabilizing the established understandings of aid regimes, as set by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donors since the 1950s. In particular, the rise of China in Timor-Leste as an important aid contributor, but working outside the leading aid regime, is affecting the most prominent donor in the country, Australia. Moreover, the rapidly growing presence of China in Timor-Leste seems well received by the local government, although criticism arose amongst the population. Thus, this paper attempts to analyse the issue from different levels. Firstly, it will analyse how China managed to “break” the monopoly of Australian aid by accessing Timor-Leste. It will then explicate the principles and the practices of Chinese aid, and will attempt to establish whether Chinese aid has produced a positive economic impact on Timor-Leste and its people. Finally, this paper suggests that Chinese aid is not challenging, neither threatening the Australian aid assistance in Timor-Leste; rather Chinese aid offers an alternative way of giving aid, and which can also convey to Australia with the possibilities of establishing mutual benefits and effective partnerships with the recipient countries.  

Chinatowns and the Rise of China

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 1367-1393 ◽  
Author(s):  
IEN ANG
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Chinese Immigrants ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
Dominant Society ◽  
The Rise Of China

AbstractIn the early twentieth century, Chinatowns in the West were ghettoes for Chinese immigrants who were marginalized and considered ‘other’ by the dominant society. In Western eyes, these areas were the no-go zones of the Oriental ‘other’. Now, more than a hundred years later, traditional Chinatowns still exist in some cities but their meaning and role has been transformed, while in other cities entirely new Chinatowns have emerged. This article discusses how Chinatowns today are increasingly contested sites where older diasporic understandings of Chineseness are unsettled by newer, neoliberal interpretations, dominated by the pull of China's new-found economic might. In particular, the so-called ‘rise of China’ has spawned a globalization of the idea of ‘Chinatown’ itself, with its actual uptake in urban development projects the world over, or a backlash against it, determined by varying perceptions of China's global ascendancy as an amalgam of threat and opportunity.

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