Adolescent Peers and Prevention: Network Patterns of Sexual Violence Attitudes and Bystander Actions

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052199744
Author(s):  
Victoria Banyard ◽  
Emily A. Waterman ◽  
Katie M. Edwards ◽  
Thomas W. Valente
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Peer Networks ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Positive Prevention ◽  
Academic Grades ◽  
Violence Attitudes ◽  
Network Patterns

Peer sexual violence is a significant social problem that affects adolescents and can lead to negative mental health and developmental consequences. Peers are a significant source of influence for adolescent behavior. For example, recent studies show training teens to be bystanders can be an effective prevention strategy to reduce peer violence and harassment. Peers can also promote risky behaviors including substance use and violence. The current study examined how sexual violence-specific risk and protective attitudes (e.g., denial of peer sexual violence and positive peer prevention norms) and behaviors (alcohol use and bystander actions to prevent peer sexual violence) clustered within peer networks cross-sectionally and over time. Participants were 1,499 7th−10th graders who took surveys during an academic year and who reported having opportunity to take action as bystanders to peer sexual violence. Participants took surveys 6 months apart online in schools. Questions included nomination of best friends to capture information about peer networks. Social network analyses indicated that there was weak but significant clustering of positive prevention attitudes such as bystander denial and marginal clustering on reactive bystander behaviors to address sexual assault. For comparison, alcohol use and academic grades were analyzed and found to also cluster in networks in these data. These findings suggest that for early adolescents, peer bystander training may be influential for some key bystander attitudes and reactive sexual violence prevention behaviors as individual behaviors are not independent of those of their friends.

scholarly journals Alcohol Use and Sexual Violence among Nursing Students in Catalonia, Spain: A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 6036
Author(s):  
Concepció Fuentes-Pumarola ◽  
Zaira Reyes-Amargant ◽  
Alba Berenguer-Simon ◽  
David Ballester-Ferrando ◽  
Maria Dolors Burjalés-Martí ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Sexual Activities ◽  
Estimate Prevalence

(1) Background: Sexual violence (SV) has become common in universities for reasons related to unwanted social/peer pressures regarding alcohol/drug use and sexual activities. Objectives: To identify perceptions of SV and alcohol use and estimate prevalence among nursing students in Catalonia, Spain. (2) Methods: Observational descriptive cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of nursing students attending public universities. (3) Results: We recruited 686 students (86.11% women), who reported as follows: 68.7% had consumed alcohol, 65.6% had been drunk at least once in the previous year, 62.65% had experienced blackouts and 25.55% had felt pressured to consume alcohol. Drunkenness and blackouts were related (p < 0.000). Of the 15.6% of respondents who had experienced SV, 47.7% experienced SV while under the influence of alcohol and were insufficiently alert to stop what was happening, while 3.06% reported rape. SV was more likely to be experienced by women (OR: 2.770; CI 95%: 1.229–6.242; p = 0.014), individuals reporting a drunk episode in the previous year (OR: 2.839; 95% CI: 1.551–5.197; p = 0.001) and individuals pressured to consume alcohol (OR: 2.091; 95% CI: 1.332–3.281; p = 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Nursing instructors need to raise student awareness of both the effects of alcohol use and SV, so as to equip these future health professionals with the knowledge and skills necessary to deal with SV among young people.

Brief Report: Associations Between Self-Reported Paternal Relationships, Anger, Alcohol, and Intimate Partner Violence in a Prison Sample

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1063-1070
Author(s):  
Jessica Bernardi ◽  
Andrew Day ◽  
Erica Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Assessment Strategies ◽  
Male Prisoners

This study investigates the association between family relationships, anger, alcohol use, and self-reported intimate partner violence (IPV). Participants were 55 male prisoners who completed a survey about their family relationships, anger, alcohol use, and aggression. Exposure to parental IPV predicted rates of self-reported perpetration of IPV, suggesting the importance of understanding more about the developmental pathways to IPV if effective prevention, intervention, and assessment strategies are to be developed for use with this high-risk population.

Arrested Friendships? Justice Involvement and Interpersonal Exclusion among Rural Youth

2021 ◽  
pp. 002242782110489
Author(s):  
Wade C. Jacobsen ◽  
Daniel T. Ragan ◽  
Mei Yang ◽  
Emily L. Nadel ◽  
Mark E. Feinberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Rural Youth ◽  
Labeling Theory ◽  
Peer Networks ◽  
Friendship Networks ◽  
Disadvantaged Youth ◽  
Testing Hypotheses ◽  
Selection Mechanisms ◽  
To Receive

Objectives: We examine the impacts of adolescent arrest on friendship networks. In particular, we extend labeling theory by testing hypotheses for three potential mechanisms of interpersonal exclusion related to the stigma of arrest: rejection, withdrawal, and homophily. Method: We use longitudinal data on 48 peer networks from PROSPER, a study of rural youth followed through middle and high school. We test our hypotheses using stochastic actor–based models. Results: Our findings suggest that arrested youth are less likely to receive friendship ties from school peers and are also less likely to extend them. Moreover, these negative associations are attenuated by higher levels of risky behaviors among peers, suggesting that results are driven by exclusion from normative rather than nonnormative friendships. We find evidence of homophily on arrest but it appears to be driven by other selection mechanisms rather than a direct preference for similarity on arrest. Conclusions: Overall, our findings speak to how an arrest may foster social exclusion in rural schools, thereby limiting social capital for already disadvantaged youth.

The Impacts of Sexual Media Exposure on Adolescent and Emerging Adults’ Dating and Sexual Violence Attitudes and Behaviors: A Critical Review of the Literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara Anne E. Rodenhizer ◽  
Katie M. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Sexual Media ◽  
Sexually Violent ◽  
Sexually Explicit ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Media Preferences ◽  
Violence Attitudes ◽  
The Impact

Dating violence (DV) and sexual violence (SV) are widespread problems among adolescents and emerging adults. A growing body of literature demonstrates that exposure to sexually explicit media (SEM) and sexually violent media (SVM) may be risk factors for DV and SV. The purpose of this article is to provide a systematic and comprehensive literature review on the impact of exposure to SEM and SVM on DV and SV attitudes and behaviors. A total of 43 studies utilizing adolescent and emerging adult samples were reviewed, and collectively the findings suggest that (1) exposure to SEM and SVM is positively related to DV and SV myths and more accepting attitudes toward DV and SV; (2) exposure to SEM and SVM is positively related to actual and anticipated DV and SV victimization, perpetration, and bystander nonintervention; (3) SEM and SVM more strongly impact men’s DV and SV attitudes and behaviors than women’s DV and SV attitudes and behaviors; and (4) preexisting attitudes related to DV and SV and media preferences moderate the relationship between SEM and SVM exposure and DV and SV attitudes and behaviors. Future studies should strive to employ longitudinal and experimental designs, more closely examine the mediators and moderators of SEM and SVM exposure on DV and SV outcomes, focus on the impacts of SEM and SVM that extend beyond men’s use of violence against women, and examine the extent to which media literacy programs could be used independently or in conjunction with existing DV and SV prevention programs to enhance effectiveness of these programming efforts.

Preventing sexual violence in sport. The determinants of positive coach-bystander behavior.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Verhelle ◽  
Tine Vertommen ◽  
Gjalt - Jorn Ygram Peters
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Youth Sport ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Bystander Behavior ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sport Coaches ◽  
Bystander Behaviors

Coaches are instrumental in creating safe sport environments, especially in preventing sexual violence, but little is known about helpful bystander behaviors, hampering effective prevention programs. To identify determining characteristics of positive bystander behavior, 1442 Belgian youth-sport coaches completed a dedicated online questionnaire on bystander-related attitudes, descriptive and injunctive norms, autonomy beliefs, and self-efficacy using two hypothetical sport-associated sexual-violence scenarios. Potential for change was analyzed using confidence interval-based estimation of relevance (CIBER). 127 coaches (9.6%) had witnessed sexual violence over the past year. Most had intervened (single incident: 3.7%; multiple incidents: 2.4%). Experiential attitude expectation, instrumental attitude evaluation, perceived referent behavior and approval, and subskill presence were positively associated with coaches’ intentions to intervene. Of the determinants of positive coach-bystander behavior, attitude and perceived norms proved key constituents for programs addressing sexual violence in youth sport. To promote (pro-)active coach-bystander behaviors, the results are discussed from a theoretical and practice-oriented perspective.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Problem Alcohol Use in High School as a Function of Recent Sexual Violence Victimization or Perpetration

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christal L. Badour ◽  
Samuel C. Bell ◽  
Emily R. Clear ◽  
Heather M. Bush ◽  
Ann L. Coker
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Alcohol Problems ◽  
School Students ◽  
Problem Alcohol Use ◽  
Problem Alcohol

AbstractTo investigate sex differences in associations between sexual violence victimization (SVV), sexual violence perpetration (SVP), and binge drinking and/or alcohol problems among high school students. While SVV has been linked to problem alcohol use among young women, little research has addressed the unique associations of SVV and SVP on alcohol use/problems within both sexes. A cross-sectional analysis of 16,992 high school students’ self-reports of past-year SVP and SVV was used where SVV/SVP was defined by three tactics (sexual coercion, drug/alcohol-facilitated or incapacitated sex, and physically forced sex). Alcohol measures included past-month binge drinking and past-year alcohol problems. Rates of SVV were twice as high in females (21.2% vs. 13.3%), and SVP rates were twice as high in males (10.9% vs. 5.2%). SVV and SVP were each associated with an increased rate of current binge drinking and problem alcohol use for both sexes, across increasing numbers of SV tactics and within each of three tactics. After controlling for demographic and other risk factors including SVP, drug/alcohol-facilitated or incapacitated SVV was more strongly linked to binge drinking and alcohol problems among females. SVP was more strongly linked to binge drinking and alcohol problems among males (adjusting for SVV and other covariates). No sex differences emerged in associations between coerced or physically forced SVV/SVP and alcohol-related outcomes. Both SVV and SVP are associated with an increased likelihood of binge drinking and alcohol problems for males and females. Important sex differences emerged when SV tactics are considered.

scholarly journals The Effects of a Web-Based Alcohol Prevention Program on Social Norms, Expectancies, and Intentions to Prevent Harm among College Student-Athletes

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melodie Fearnow-Kenney ◽  
David L. Wyrick ◽  
Jeffrey J. Milroy ◽  
Erin J. Reifsteck ◽  
Timothy Day ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Prevention Program ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Alcohol Expectancies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Harm Prevention ◽  
The Impact

College athletes are at risk for heavy alcohol use, which jeopardizes their general health, academic standing, and athletic performance. Effective prevention programming reduces these risks by targeting theory-based intermediate factors that predict alcohol use while tailoring content to student-athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the myPlaybook online prevention program on student-athletes’ social norms, negative alcohol expectancies, and intentions to use alcohol-related harm prevention strategies. NCAA Division II student-athletes were recruited from 60 institutions across the United States to complete myPlaybook and pretest/posttest surveys measuring demographics and targeted outcome variables. Participants were randomly assigned to the treatment group (pretest-program-posttest; final n = 647) or the delayed treatment “control” group (pretest-posttest-program; final n = 709). Results revealed significant program effects on social norms (p < .01) and intentions to use harm prevention strategies (p < .01), while the effect on negative alcohol expectancies was nonsignificant (p = .14). Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Alcohol Use and Friendship Dynamics: Selection and Socialization in Early-, Middle-, and Late-Adolescent Peer Networks

2012 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Burk ◽  
Haske van der Vorst ◽  
Margaret Kerr ◽  
Håkan Stattin
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Peer Networks ◽  
Late Adolescent

Commentary on Foubert, Godin, & Tatum (2010)

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 3383-3392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andra Teten Tharp ◽  
Sarah DeGue ◽  
Karen Lang ◽  
Linda Anne Valle ◽  
Greta Massetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Violence Prevention ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Prevention Program ◽  
College Men ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Rigorous Evaluation ◽  
Sexual Violence Prevention ◽  
Violence Prevention Program ◽  
Violence Prevention Programs

Foubert, Godin, and Tatum describe qualitative effects among college men of The Men’s Program, a one-session sexual violence prevention program. This article and the program it describes are representative of many sexual violence prevention programs that are in practice and provide an opportunity for a brief discussion of the development and evaluation of sexual violence prevention approaches. In this commentary, we will focus on two considerations for an evolving field: the adherence to the principles of prevention and the use of rigorous evaluation methods to demonstrate effectiveness. We argue that the problem of sexual violence has created urgency for effective prevention programs and that scientific and prevention standards provide the best foundation to meet this need.

Linking Adverse Childhood Effects and Attachment: A Theory of Etiology for Sexual Offending

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa D. Grady ◽  
Jill S. Levenson ◽  
Tess Bolder
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Explanatory Theory ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Abusive Behavior ◽  
Sexually Abusive ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Sexually Abusive Behavior

Sexual violence continues to be a significant public health problem affecting significant portions of the population. Unfortunately, an agreed upon theory of etiology remains elusive leading to challenges in developing effective prevention and treatment interventions. Recently, there is a growing body of literature examining the role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in the development of sexually violent behavior. This research has begun to explore the rates of various types of child maltreatments and family dysfunction in individuals who have been convicted of a sexual crime. These empirical inquiries have been primarily descriptive in nature and have not yet provided a cohesive theoretical model as to why the presence of ACEs might contribute to sexually abusive behavior. This article suggests that attachment theory offers an explanatory link between early adversity and sexually abusive behavior in adulthood. We first summarize important attachment theory concepts, then integrate them with research in the area of developmental psychopathology and ACEs, and finally propose a model by which attachment can be used as an explanatory theory for subsequent sexualized coping and sexually abusive behaviors. Finally, this article explores the implications for practice, policy, and research using this explanatory theory as a framework for understanding sexual violence.

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