Infections, Toxic Chemicals and Dietary Peptides Binding to Lymphocyte Receptors and Tissue Enzymes are Major Instigators of Autoimmunity in Autism

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vojdani ◽  
J.B. Pangborn ◽  
E. Vojdani ◽  
E.L. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autoimmune Reaction ◽  
Ethyl Mercury ◽  
Dpp Iv ◽  
Direct Demonstration ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Lymphocyte Receptors

Similar to many complex autoimmune diseases, genetic and environmental factors including diet, infection and xenobiotics play a critical role in the development of autism. In this study, we postulated that infectious agent antigens such as streptokinase, dietary peptides (gliadin and casein) and ethyl mercury (xenobiotic) bind to different lymphocyte receptors and tissue enzyme (DPP IV or CD26). We assessed this hypothesis first by measuring IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies against CD26, CD69, streptokinase (SK), gliadin and casein peptides and against ethyl mercury bound to human serum albumin in patients with autism. A significant percentage of children with autism developed anti-SK, anti-gliadin and casein peptides and anti-ethyl mercury antibodies, concomitant with the appearance of anti-CD26 and anti-CD69 autoantibodies. These antibodies are synthesized as a result of SK, gliadin, casein and ethyl mercury binding to CD26 and CD69, indicating that they are specific. Immune absorption demonstrated that only specific antigens, like CD26, were capable of significantly reducing serum anti-CD26 levels. However, for direct demonstration of SK, gliadin, casein and ethyl mercury to CD26 or CD69, microtiter wells were coated with CD26 or CD69 alone or in combination with SK, gliadin, casein or ethyl mercury and then reacted with enzyme labeled rabbit anti-CD26 or anti-CD69. Adding these molecules to CD26 or CD69 resulted in 28–86 % inhibition of CD26 or CD69 binding to anti-CD26 or anti-CD69 antibodies. The highest % binding of these antigens or peptides to CD26 or CD69 was attributed to SK and the lowest to casein peptides. We, therefore, propose that bacterial antigens (SK), dietary peptides (gliadin, casein) and Thimerosal (ethyl mercury) in individuals with pre-disposing HLA molecules, bind to CD26 or CD69 and induce antibodies against these molecules. In conclusion, this study is apparently the first to demonstrate that dietary peptides, bacterial toxins and xenobiotics bind to lymphocyte receptors and/or tissue enzymes, resulting in autoimmune reaction in children with autism.

The Role of the SLP in Autism Spectrum Disorder Screening and Assessment

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Philofsky
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Notable Increase ◽  
Screening Assessment ◽  
Critical Components

AbstractRecent prevalence estimates for autism have been alarming as a function of the notable increase. Speech-language pathologists play a critical role in screening, assessment and intervention for children with autism. This article reviews signs that may be indicative of autism at different stages of language development, and discusses the importance of several psychometric properties—sensitivity and specificity—in utilizing screening measures for children with autism. Critical components of assessment for children with autism are reviewed. This article concludes with examples of intervention targets for children with ASD at various levels of language development.

The Role of the Endothelium in Premature Atherosclerosis: Molecular Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1041-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Spartalis ◽  
Eleftherios Spartalis ◽  
Antonios Athanasiou ◽  
Stavroula A. Paschou ◽  
Christos Kontogiannis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Made In

Atherosclerotic disease is still one of the leading causes of mortality. Atherosclerosis is a complex progressive and systematic artery disease that involves the intima of the large and middle artery vessels. The inflammation has a key role in the pathophysiological process of the disease and the infiltration of the intima from monocytes, macrophages and T-lymphocytes combined with endothelial dysfunction and accumulated oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are the main findings of atherogenesis. The development of atherosclerosis involves multiple genetic and environmental factors. Although a large number of genes, genetic polymorphisms, and susceptible loci have been identified in chromosomal regions associated with atherosclerosis, it is the epigenetic process that regulates the chromosomal organization and genetic expression that plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Despite the positive progress made in understanding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the knowledge about the disease remains scarce.

Cyclosporine increases ischemia-induced endothelial progenitor cell mobilization through manipulation of the CD26 system

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (3) ◽  
pp. R811-R818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Hung Wang ◽  
Wen-Jin Cherng ◽  
Ning-I Yang ◽  
Chia-Ming Hsu ◽  
Chi-Hsiao Yeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Endothelial Progenitor ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Dpp Iv ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cell Mobilization

Cyclosporin A (CsA) improves the success rate of transplantation. The CD26/dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP IV) system plays a critical role in mobilizing endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from bone marrow. This study investigated whether CsA manipulates CD26/DPP IV activity and increases EPC mobilization. C57BL/6 mice were divided into control and CsA-treated groups. Before and after hindlimb ischemia was induced, circulating EPC number and serum levels of different cytokines were measured. Compared with the controls, CsA treatment significantly increased the blood levels of stroma-derived factor-1α and stem cell factor after ischemic stress ( P < 0.001). The CsA group displayed a significant increase in the number of circulating EPCs (sca-1+KDR+ and c-kit+CD31+ EPCs, both P < 0.05). In vivo, CsA caused a significant increase in the numbers of EPCs incorporated into the Matrigel and ischemic limbs ( P < 0.05). In the peripheral blood, CsA significantly decreased CD26+ cell numbers and attenuated the plasma CD26/DPP IV activity ( P < 0.001). Furthermore, short-term CsA treatment significantly improved the perfusion of ischemic limbs and decreased the spontaneous digital amputation rate. In summary, CsA manipulates the mobilization of EPCs into the circulation via the CD26/DPP IV system. Short-term CsA treatment has beneficial effects on angiogenesis of ischemic tissues.

OBESITY: CLINICAL AND PATHOGENETIC JUSTIFICATION OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
O. M. Korzh
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Excess Body Weight ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Tissue Sensitivity ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Weight Correction

Obesity is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. Numerous studies in recent years have identified obesity as a key cause of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Comprehensive medical and non−medical treatment of metabolic disorders, obesity and correction of excess body weight are the urgent tasks for both the patient and doctor. When defining the obesity as a chronic psychosomatic disease caused by the interaction of numerous genetic and environmental factors there is emphasized the complexity of the problem, including psychological, medical, social, physical and economic aspects. The widespread prevalence of obesity, which determines its comorbid nature, dictates the need to clarify the principles and options for treatment and prevention. In the process of active study, the multicomponent pathogenesis of obesity with the important role of different parts of the brain determines the relevance of a combination of pharmacotherapy and lifestyle intervention. In pharmacotherapy, the weight correction is an important component and reduces the risk of cardiovascular complications, improves quality of life and prognosis. The basis of weight correction measures is a change in lifestyle, increased physical activity and alteration in diet in order to achieve a balance between energy consumption and expenditure. Weight loss is accompanied with an increased tissue sensitivity to insulin, improved lipid metabolism, elimination of latent inflammation, lowering blood pressure and, accordingly, plays a critical role in prevention of the associated diseases and reducing the risk of complications. The fight against obesity is not only an improvement in the patient general condition, but also a great economic benefit, as the doses of drugs are reduced or the need for hypolipidemic, antidiabetic and antihypertensive drugs disappears. Key words: obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, cardiometabolic risk, microbiota, insulin resistance, treatment, prevention.

Critical Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV: A Therapeutic Target for Diabetes and Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sourav De ◽  
Subhasis Banerjee ◽  
S.K. Ashok Kumar ◽  
Priyankar Paira
Keyword(s):  
Drug Targets ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase Iv ◽  
Dpp Iv ◽  
Protease Enzyme ◽  
Target Disease ◽  
Dimeric Form ◽  
Epithelium Cells

Diabetes mellitus is an emerging predator and affecting around 422 million adults worldwide. Higher levels of circulating insulin and increased pressure on the pancreas to produce insulin have been inferred as possible etiology for diabetes leading to a higher risk of pancreatic cancer. Out of several drug targets in hypoglycemic discovery, Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) has been considered an emerging target. It is a protease enzyme which inactivates incretin hormones i.e., Glucagonlike peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulin tropic polypeptide (GIP). Inhibition of DPP-4 results in the longer action of GLP-1 and GIP, therefore, DPP-4 inhibitors play an important role in maintaining glucose homeostasis. In comparison to early oral hypoglycemic, DPP-IV inhibitors are well tolerated and provide a better glycemic control over a longer period. These enzymes are expressed in a dimeric form on the surface of different cells such as prostate, liver and small intestinal epithelium cells. Disruption of the local signaling environment is an emerging factor in cancer development. Till date, not even a single DPP-IV inhibitor as anticancer has been developed. This review focuses on various features of the enzyme and their suitable inhibitors for target disease.

scholarly journals Intertwining of paleontology and medicine: implications for structure-function relationships, behavior, and habitat in paleontology

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 252-252
Author(s):  
Bruce Rothschild
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Unique Model ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Medicine and paleontology have been intertwined from the start. Gideon Algernon Mantell, a family physician from Sussex, and his wife, while on patient care “rounds,” found the first English dinosaur. Nineteen years later in 1841, Sir Richard Owen established the neologism, dinosaur, to categorize these animals. It is not accidental that the first Dean of Kansas University School of Medicine was also the founder of the University's Museum of Natural History. Rheumatology and paleontology paths have also crossed in the form of Thinocetus arthritus, so named because the ligamentous fusion in a specimen mistaken for arthritis.Technology and understanding of disease processes have advanced sufficiently to allow hypotheses to be critically examined. The underlying assumptions are that:1. Disease manifestations are relatively stable through time.2. Tissue is preserved in a state amenable to analysis.3. Pathology can be distinguished from diagenesis (pseudopathology).4. Analysis of pathology as a skeletal phenomenon provides more insight than examination of isolated bones.5. Analysis of pathology as a population phenomenon provides more insight than examination of isolated skeletons.Exemplifying the intertwining nature of the fields is the presence of spine and sacroiliac involvement and the nature and distribution of erosive lesions in the great apes (Gorilla and Pan (chimpanzee), the lesser ape (Hylobates) and Old World monkeys (Theropithecus, Papio, Cercopithecus, Macaca, Presbytis, Colobus, and Erythrocebus). This allowed definitive diagnosis of spondyloarthropathy. Reproducibility of diseases across species lines has been established for spondyloarthropathy (gorilla, chimp, monkey), not only for gross or radiologic appearance of individual bones, but also for skeletal distribution. More recently, similar observations have been made for Smilodon and Mammuthus. Reactive arthritis, related to infectious agent diarrhea or sexually transmitted, is a consideration. Infectious agent diarrhea is common in Old World primates. This natural disease state provides a unique model system for in depth analysis of the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to disease pathophysiology.

Colombian parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: Perceptions, experiences, and expectations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Tejero Hughes ◽  
Sandra Magaña ◽  
Wendy Gonzales ◽  
Giselle Núñez ◽  
Marisol Moreno-Angarita
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Parent Education ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Future Aspirations ◽  
Services And Supports ◽  
Parent Education Programs ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Families play a critical role in supporting their children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and in advocating for their health and educational needs. However, many families around the world experience social, emotional, and financial difficulties, as well as challenges navigating various systems in search for the services and supports their children require. Colombia has made some recent strides in supporting the needs of families of children with ASD, but there is still concern among families that their children are not receiving adequate services. Thus, we were interested in learning more about what it was like to parent a child with ASD in Colombia. In particular, we focused on investigating the families' perceptions, experiences, and aspirations for their child with ASD by conducting focus group interviews. Four primary themes emerged from these interviews with Colombian parents, which included the impact of the disability diagnosis on the family, the systemic and societal challenges they faced, the strengths they saw in their child, and their future aspirations and expectations for their child. Implications for developing culturally responsive parent education programs are discussed.

scholarly journals Changes in genetic risk for emotional eating across the menstrual cycle: a longitudinal study

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (15) ◽  
pp. 3227-3237 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Klump ◽  
B. A. Hildebrandt ◽  
S. M. O'Connor ◽  
P. K. Keel ◽  
M. Neale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
State University ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown significant within-person changes in binge eating and emotional eating across the menstrual cycle, with substantial increases in both phenotypes during post-ovulation. Increases in both estradiol and progesterone levels appear to account for these changes in phenotypic risk, possibly via increases in genetic effects. However, to date, no study has examined changes in genetic risk for binge phenotypes (or any other phenotype) across the menstrual cycle. The goal of the present study was to examine within-person changes in genetic risk for emotional eating scores across the menstrual cycle.MethodParticipants were 230 female twin pairs (460 twins) from the Michigan State University Twin Registry who completed daily measures of emotional eating for 45 consecutive days. Menstrual cycle phase was coded based on dates of menstrual bleeding and daily ovarian hormone levels.ResultsFindings revealed important shifts in genetic and environmental influences, where estimates of genetic influences were two times higher in post- as compared with pre-ovulation. Surprisingly, pre-ovulation was marked by a predominance of environmental influences, including shared environmental effects which have not been previously detected for binge eating phenotypes in adulthood.ConclusionsOur study was the first to examine within-person shifts in genetic and environmental influences on a behavioral phenotype across the menstrual cycle. Results highlight a potentially critical role for these shifts in risk for emotional eating across the menstrual cycle and underscore the need for additional, large-scale studies to identify the genetic and environmental factors contributing to menstrual cycle effects.

scholarly journals Assessment of Hair Aluminum, Lead, and Mercury in a Sample of Autistic Egyptian Children: Environmental Risk Factors of Heavy Metals in Autism

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farida El Baz Mohamed ◽  
Eman Ahmed Zaky ◽  
Adel Bassuoni El-Sayed ◽  
Reham Mohammed Elhossieny ◽  
Sally Soliman Zahra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Egyptian Children ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Background and Aims. The etiological factors involved in the etiology of autism remain elusive and controversial, but both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated. The aim of this study was to assess the levels and possible environmental risk factors and sources of exposure to mercury, lead, and aluminum in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as compared to their matched controls.Methods. One hundred ASD children were studied in comparison to 100 controls. All participants were subjected to clinical evaluation and measurement of mercury, lead, and aluminum through hair analysis which reflects past exposure.Results. The mean Levels of mercury, lead, and aluminum in hair of the autistic patients were significantly higher than controls. Mercury, lead, and aluminum levels were positively correlated with maternal fish consumptions, living nearby gasoline stations, and the usage of aluminum pans, respectively.Conclusion. Levels of mercury, lead, and aluminum in the hair of autistic children are higher than controls. Environmental exposure to these toxic heavy metals, at key times in development, may play a causal role in autism.

Behçet’s Disease: A Review

2005 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.M. Al-Otaibi ◽  
S.R. Porter ◽  
T.W.J. Poate
Keyword(s):  
Behçet’S Disease ◽  
Behcet’S Disease ◽  
Behçet's Disease ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Autoimmune Reaction ◽  
Behcet's Disease ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Silk Route

Behçet’s disease (BD) is a multi-system inflammatory disorder dominated clinically by recurrent oral and genital ulceration, uveitis, and erythema nodosum. Behçet’s disease runs a chronic course, with unpredictable exacerbations and remissions whose frequency and severity may diminish with time. Behçet’s disease typically arises in young adults, although childhood-onset BD has also been reported. The disease can affect both genders and has a worldwide distribution, although it is more prevalent in countries of the ancient Silk Route. The cause of BD remains unknown, although an autoimmune reaction triggered by an infectious agent in a genetically predisposed individual has been suggested. The treatment of BD is symptomatic and empirical, but generally specific to the clinical features of each patient. The majority of affected individuals do not have life-threatening disease, although mortality can be associated with vascular-thrombotic and neurological disease.

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