Differences in spatiotemporal parameters during 200-m sprint between bilateral and unilateral transfemoral amputees

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 567-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Hobara ◽  
Sakiko Saito ◽  
Satoru Hashizume ◽  
Yuta Namiki ◽  
Yoshiyuki Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Classification Rules ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Performance Differences ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters ◽  
Transfemoral Amputees

Background and aim: Although Paralympic T42 class Men’s 200 m sprints are currently competed by athletes with bilateral and unilateral transfemoral amputations, there may be performance differences between the groups. This study aimed to compare the spatiotemporal parameters of a 200-m sprint between bilateral and unilateral transfemoral amputees wearing running-specific prostheses. Technique: We analyzed 29 races (nine sprinters) with bilateral or unilateral transfemoral amputations from publicly available Internet broadcasts. For each sprinter’s race, the average speed, step frequency, and step length were calculated using the number of steps in conjunction with the official race time. Discussion: Average speed of bilateral transfemoral amputees was 5.7% greater than in unilateral transfemoral amputees. Bilateral transfemoral amputees exhibited lower step frequency (–8.9%) but longer step length (16.3%) than unilateral transfemoral amputees. Therefore, even in the same Paralympic classification (T42), different spatiotemporal strategies exist between bilateral and unilateral transfemoral amputees wearing running-specific prostheses during 200-m sprints. Clinical relevance Since different spatiotemporal strategies exist between bilateral and unilateral transfemoral amputees during 200-m sprints, our data supports recent revisions of classification rules (1st January, 2018), which each population was allocated into the different classification (T61 and T63, respectively).

Normative Spatiotemporal Parameters During 100-m Sprints in Amputee Sprinters Using Running-Specific Prostheses

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Hobara ◽  
Wolfgang Potthast ◽  
Ralf Müller ◽  
Yoshiyuki Kobayashi ◽  
Thijs A. Heldoorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Step Length ◽  
Normative Sample ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Transfemoral Amputee ◽  
Official Record ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Transfemoral Amputees ◽  
Transtibial Amputees

The aim of this study was to develop a normative sample of step frequency and step length during maximal sprinting in amputee sprinters. We analyzed elite-level 100-m races of 255 amputees and 93 able-bodied sprinters, both men and women, from publicly-available Internet broadcasts. For each sprinter’s run, the average forward velocity, step frequency, and step length over the 100-m distance were analyzed by using the official record and number of steps in each race. The average forward velocity was greatest in able-bodied sprinters (10.04 ± 0.17 m/s), followed by bilateral transtibial (8.77 ± 0.27 m/s), unilateral transtibial (8.65 ± 0.30 m/s), and transfemoral amputee sprinters (7.65 ± 0.38 m/s) in men. Differences in velocity among 4 groups were associated with step length (able-bodied vs transtibial amputees) or both step frequency and step length (able-bodied vs transfemoral amputees). Although we also found that the velocity was greatest in able-bodied sprinters (9.10 ± 0.14 m/s), followed by unilateral transtibial (7.08 ± 0.26 m/s), bilateral transtibial (7.06 ± 0.48 m/s), and transfemoral amputee sprinters (5.92 ± 0.33 m/s) in women, the differences in the velocity among the groups were associated with both step frequency and step length. Current results suggest that spatiotemporal parameters during a 100-m race of amputee sprinters is varied by amputation levels and sex.

scholarly journals Relationship between Step Characteristics and Race Performance during 5000-m Race

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Hiromasa Ueno ◽  
Sho Nakazawa ◽  
Yohsuke Takeuchi ◽  
Masaaki Sugita
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Length Step ◽  
Endurance Runners ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Race Performance

This study examined the relationship between step characteristics and race time in a 5000-m race. Twenty-one male Japanese endurance runners performed a 5000-m race. Step length, step frequency, contact time, and flight time of two gait cycles (i.e., four consecutive ground contacts) were measured every 400-m by using high-speed video image. Moreover, step length was normalized to body height to minimize the effect of body size. In addition to step characteristics on each lap, the averages of all laps and the per cent change from the first half to the second half were calculated. The average step frequency and step length normalized to body height correlated significantly with the 5000-m race time (r = −0.611, r = −0.575, respectively, p < 0.05 for both). Per cent changes in contact time and step length correlated significantly with the 5000-m race time (r = 0.514, r = −0.486, respectively, p < 0.05 for both). These findings suggest that, in addition to higher step frequency and step length normalized to body height, smaller changes in step length during a given race may be an important step characteristic to achieving superior race performance in endurance runners.

scholarly journals How do Amateur Endurance Runners Alter Spatiotemporal Parameters and Step Variability as Running Velocity Increases? A Sex Comparison

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Felipe García-Pinillos ◽  
Daniel Jerez-Mayorga ◽  
Pedro Á. Latorre-Román ◽  
Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo ◽  
Fernando Sanz-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters ◽  
Length Step ◽  
Endurance Runners

AbstractThis study aimed to analyse the effects of running velocity on spatiotemporal parameters and step variability in amateur endurance runners, according to sex. A group of 51 males and 46 females performed an incremental running test on a treadmill (10-16 km/h). Spatiotemporal parameters (contact and flight time, step length, step frequency and step angle [CT, FT, SL, SF, SA]) and step variability, in terms of within-participant standard deviation (SD), were recorded through the OptoGait System. The ANOVA showed significant differences in the magnitude of the spatiotemporal parameters as running velocity increased (p < 0.001). It also revealed significant differences in step variability (p < 0.005) over the entire running protocol. Between-sex differences in CT, SL, SL-normalized and SF (p < 0.05, ES = 0.4-0.8) were found. Differences were also found in step variability at high velocities (15-16 km/h), with males showing a greater SD than females. In conclusion, increasing running velocity makes CT shorter, FT and SL longer, and SF and SA greater in amateur endurance runners, changing step variability, regardless of sex. Additionally, some between-sex differences were found in spatiotemporal parameters and step variability.

scholarly journals Relationship between Running Spatiotemporal Kinematics and Muscle Performance in Well-Trained Youth Female Athletes. A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8869
Author(s):  
Alejandro Castillo-Domínguez ◽  
Jerónimo García-Romero ◽  
Joaquín Páez-Moguer ◽  
Tomás Ponce-García ◽  
Miguel Medina-Alcántara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Step Length ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Strength Index ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Neuromuscular Performance ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to analyse the relationship of neuromuscular performance and spatiotemporal parameters in 18 adolescent distance athletes (age, 15.5 ± 1.1 years). Using the OptoGait system, the power, rhythm, reactive strength index, jump flying time, and jump height of the squat jump, countermovement jump, and eight maximal hoppings test (HT8max) and the contact time (CT), flying time (FT), step frequency, stride angle, and step length of running at different speeds were measured. Maturity offset was determined based on anthropometric variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of repeated measurements showed a reduction in CT (p < 0.000) and an increase in step frequency, step length, and stride angle (p < 0.001), as the velocity increased. The HT8max test showed significant correlations with very large effect sizes between neuromuscular performance variables (reactive strength index, power, jump flying time, jump height, and rhythm) and both step frequency and step length. Multiple linear regression found this relationship after adjusting spatiotemporal parameters with neuromuscular performance variables. Some variables of neuromuscular performance, mainly in reactive tests, were the predictors of spatiotemporal parameters (CT, FT, stride angle, and VO). Rhythm and jump flying time in the HT8max test and power in the countermovement jump test are parameters that can predict variables associated with running biomechanics, such as VO, CT, FT, and stride angle.

scholarly journals How Do Spatiotemporal Parameters and Lower-Body Stiffness Change with Increased Running Velocity? A Comparison Between Novice and Elite Level Runners

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe García-Pinillos ◽  
Amador García-Ramos ◽  
Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo ◽  
Pedro Á. Latorre-Román ◽  
Luis E. Roche-Seruendo
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Sine Wave ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Acclimatization Period ◽  
High Level

Abstract This study aimed to examine the effect of running velocity on spatiotemporal parameters and lower-body stiffness of endurance runners, and the influence of the performance level on those adaptations. Twenty-two male runners (novice [NR], n = 12, and elite runners [ER], n = 10) performed an incremental running test with a total of 5 different running velocities (10, 12, 14, 16, 18 km/h). Each condition lasted 1 min (30 s acclimatization period, and 30 s recording period). Spatiotemporal parameters were measured using the OptoGait system. Vertical (Kvert) and leg (Kleg) stiffness were calculated according to the sine-wave method. A repeated measures ANOVA (2 x 5, group x velocities) revealed significant adaptations (p < 0.05) to increased velocity in all spatiotemporal parameters and Kvert in both NR and ER. ER showed a greater flight time (FT) and step angle (at 18 km/h) (p < 0.05), longer step length (SL) and lower step frequency (SF) (p < 0.05), whereas no between-group differences were found in contact time (CT) nor in the sub-phases during CT at any speed (p ≥ 0.05). ER also showed lower Kvert values at every running velocity (p < 0.05), and no differences in Kleg (p ≥ 0.05). In conclusion, lower SF and Kvert and, thereby, longer FT and SL, seem to be the main spatiotemporal characteristics of high-level runners compared to their low-level counterparts.

Individual Step Characteristics During Sprinting in Unilateral Transtibial Amputees

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 509-513
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Hobara ◽  
Sakiko Saito ◽  
Satoru Hashizume ◽  
Hiroyuki Sakata ◽  
Yoshiyuki Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Pearson’S Correlation ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Individual Step ◽  
Pearson's Correlation ◽  
Transtibial Amputees

To understand the step characteristics during sprinting in lower-extremity amputees using running-specific prosthesis, each athlete should be investigated individually. Theoretically, sprint performance in a 100-m sprint is determined by both step frequency and step length. The aim of the present study was to investigate how step frequency and step length correlate with sprinting performance in elite unilateral transtibial amputees. By using publicly-available Internet broadcasts, the authors analyzed 88 races from 7 unilateral transtibial amputees. For each sprinter’s run, the average step frequency and step length were calculated using the number of steps and official race time. Based on Pearson’s correlation coefficients between step frequency, step length, and official race time for each individual, the authors classified each individual into 3 groups: step-frequency reliant, step-length reliant, and hybrid. It was found that 2, 2, and 3 sprinters were classified into step-frequency reliant, step-length reliant, and hybrid, respectively. These results suggest that the step frequency or step length reliance during a 100-m sprint is an individual occurrence in elite unilateral transtibial amputees using running-specific prosthesis.

Influence of RunScribe™ placement on the accuracy of spatiotemporal gait characteristics during running

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe García-Pinillos ◽  
José M Chicano-Gutiérrez ◽  
Emilio J Ruiz-Malagón ◽  
Luis E Roche-Seruendo
Keyword(s):  
Video Analysis ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
High Speed Video ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters

This study aimed to examine the influence of RunScribe location (i.e. lace shoe vs heel shoe) on the accuracy of spatiotemporal gait characteristics during running by comparing data with a high-speed video analysis system at 1000 Hz. A total of 49 endurance runners performed a running protocol on a treadmill at comfortable velocity. Two systems were used to determine spatiotemporal parameters (i.e. contact time, flight time, step frequency, and step length) during running: high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz and two different RunScribe placements (i.e. lace shoe vs heel shoe). The pairwise comparisons showed some between-system differences in both lace shoe (contact time: p = 0.009; step frequency: p = 0.001) and heel shoe (flight time: p = 0.006; step frequency: p = 0.010), although the effect sizes were small (effect size < 0.3 in all cases). The intraclass correlation coefficients revealed an almost perfect association between systems for contact time and flight time (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.85–0.90), and step length and step frequency (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.96–0.97), regardless of the RunScribe placement. Bland–Altman plots revealed that the lace shoe location yielded smaller systematic bias, random errors, and narrower limits of agreement for spatiotemporal parameters during running, except for SF, which had a higher accuracy in a heel shoe location. The results suggest that RunScribe is a valid system to measure spatiotemporal parameters during running on a treadmill according to a high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz. In addition, the data indicate that the location of the RunScribe system (lace shoe vs heel shoe) plays an important role on the accuracy of spatiotemporal parameters. The lace shoe placement showed smaller systematic bias, random errors, and narrower limits of agreement for contact time, flight time, and step length, whereas the heel shoe placement was slightly more accurate for the step frequency.

scholarly journals Effect of wearing diapers on toddler’s gait

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoya Ueda ◽  
Haruna Asano ◽  
Kyoko Tsuge ◽  
Kanako Seo ◽  
Motoki Sudo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Development ◽  
Joint Angle ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Step Width ◽  
Lower Stress ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
Bulk Stress ◽  
Joint Dynamics ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters ◽  
High Bulk

AbstractGait maturation in infants develops gradually through several phases. However, external factors such as childrearing practices, especially the wearing of diapers, may affect an infant’s motor development. This study investigated the influence of different bulk stresses on the gait of toddlers wearing a disposable diaper. Twenty-six healthy toddlers (age: 19.2 ± 0.9 months) participated in this study. We measured the joint kinematics (pelvis angle and hip-joint angle) and spatiotemporal parameters (step length and step width) of the toddlers’ gait under four dress conditions (wearing Type A_WET, Type A_DRY, and Type B_WET diapers and naked). Type B_WET had a higher bulk stress than Type A_WET, and Type A_DRY had lower stress than Type A _ WET. Our results indicate that the walk of toddlers when wearing a diaper differs from that when naked. This difference is due to the effect of the bulk of the diaper on the lower limb. A high bulk stress has a greater influence than that of a low bulk stress on joint dynamics and step width. Therefore, our findings suggest that wearing diapers with high bulk stress may inhibit the natural gait patterns of toddlers.

scholarly journals Effects of selectively assisting impaired subtasks of walking in chronic stroke survivors

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone S. Fricke ◽  
Hilde J. G. Smits ◽  
Cristina Bayón ◽  
Jaap H. Buurke ◽  
Herman van der Kooij ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Gait Training ◽  
Chronic Stroke ◽  
Stroke Survivors ◽  
Baseline Trial ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters ◽  
Length Width

Abstract Background Recently developed controllers for robot-assisted gait training allow for the adjustment of assistance for specific subtasks (i.e. specific joints and intervals of the gait cycle that are related to common impairments after stroke). However, not much is known about possible interactions between subtasks and a better understanding of this can help to optimize (manual or automatic) assistance tuning in the future. In this study, we assessed the effect of separately assisting three commonly impaired subtasks after stroke: foot clearance (FC, knee flexion/extension during swing), stability during stance (SS, knee flexion/extension during stance) and weight shift (WS, lateral pelvis movement). For each of the assisted subtasks, we determined the influence on the performance of the respective subtask, and possible effects on other subtasks of walking and spatiotemporal gait parameters. Methods The robotic assistance for the FC, SS and WS subtasks was assessed in nine mildly impaired chronic stroke survivors while walking in the LOPES II gait trainer. Seven trials were performed for each participant in a randomized order: six trials in which either 20% or 80% of assistance was provided for each of the selected subtasks, and one baseline trial where the participant did not receive subtask-specific assistance. The influence of the assistance on performances (errors compared to reference trajectories) for the assisted subtasks and other subtasks of walking as well as spatiotemporal parameters (step length, width and height, swing and stance time) was analyzed. Results Performances for the impaired subtasks (FC, SS and WS) improved significantly when assistance was applied for the respective subtask. Although WS performance improved when assisting this subtask, participants were not shifting their weight well towards the paretic leg. On a group level, not many effects on other subtasks and spatiotemporal parameters were found. Still, performance for the leading limb angle subtask improved significantly resulting in a larger step length when applying FC assistance. Conclusion FC and SS assistance leads to clear improvements in performance for the respective subtask, while our WS assistance needs further improvement. As effects of the assistance were mainly confined to the assisted subtasks, tuning of FC, SS and WS can be done simultaneously. Our findings suggest that there may be no need for specific, time-intensive tuning protocols (e.g. tuning subtasks after each other) in mildly impaired stroke survivors.

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