scholarly journals ‘A Cracked Sheet-Glass Mirror’: Conditions of Collaboration at the 1945 P.E.N. All-India Writers’ Conference

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-86
Author(s):  
Charlotte Nunes
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Sheet Glass ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Political Freedom ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Modern Era

This article examines how P.E.N., an organisation born in imperial Britain, endeavoured in some cases and floundered in others to create conditions for collaboration between Indian and British writers. Drawing on the P.E.N. archives at the Harry Ransom Center (HRC), I examine communication among and between Indian and British writers in P.E.N.'s orbit during the World War II era and leading up to the Indian Independence Act of 1947. As a forum for collaboration among writers internationally not only to develop writing and editing projects together, but also to forge a unifying conception for the modern era of the relationship between literature and political freedom, P.E.N. aimed to create opportunities for exchange among Indian and British writers. Analysing Indian writers' articulation of the necessary conditions for cross-imperial collaboration, I consider how mutuality was compromised under political conditions of imperialism hinging on hierarchal notions of culture.

13. The Political Economy of Development

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Theoretical Terms ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Economy Of Development ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter focuses on the political economy of development. It first considers the different (and competing) ways of thinking about development that have emerged since the end of World War II, laying emphasis on modernization, structuralist, and underdevelopment theories, neo-liberalism and neo-statism, and ‘human development’, gender, and environmental theories. The chapter proceeds by exploring how particular understandings of development have given rise to particular kinds of development strategies at both the national and global levels. It then examines the relationship between globalization and development, in both empirical and theoretical terms. It also describes how conditions of ‘mal-development’ — or development failures — both arise from and are reinforced by globalization processes and the ways in which the world economy is governed.

War and Remembrance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Conner
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
South Korea ◽  
World War ◽  
American Military ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Burial Grounds

Every year, people from all over the world visit American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) sites, from Normandy, France, to Busan, South Korea, to Corozal, Panama. At rest in the twenty-six overseas cemeteries are almost 139,000 dead, and memorialized on “Walls of the Missing” are 60,314 fallen soldiers with no known graves. The ABMC administers, operates, and maintains twenty-six permanent American military cemeteries and twenty-seven federal memorials, monuments, and markers. These graves and memorials are among the most beautiful and meticulously maintained shrines in the world. This book is the first study of the ABMC, from its founding in 1923 to the present. It traces the agency’s history, from its early efforts under the leadership of John J. Pershing to establish permanent American burial grounds in Europe after WWI and through the World War II years, where ABMC personnel weathered the storm of another war whose combatants actually passed back and forth through many of the sites. After the war, top-ranking generals, including George Marshall, Jacob L. Devers, and Mark Clark expanded the scope of the commission. The relationship between the monuments and their local hosts constitutes one of the most compelling and least known aspects of the story. Conner’s work powerfully demonstrates that these monuments are living sites that embody the costs of war and aid in understanding the interconnections between memory and history.

scholarly journals Ukrainian National Schools in Slovakia between 1945 and 1960

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-46
Author(s):  
Marian Gajdoš ◽  
Stanislav Konečný
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Education System ◽  
World War ◽  
Language Of Instruction ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
National Education ◽  
National Education System ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
Article Analyse

Abstract The authors present the formation and development of the Ukrainian national education system in Slovakia after the World War II, which was determined by its results and new political conditions. The founding of Russian schools in Eastern Slovakia did not correspond to the wishes of part of the Ruthenian population, and their preference was a source of permanent tension. The authors of this article analyse the personnel, material and technical problems related to the development of Ukrainian (Russian) schools as well as the activities of political and state authorities in their solution. The introduction of the Ukrainian language as the language of instruction disrupted the consolidation in this area and increased dissatisfaction in many municipalities. The efforts to persuade people or various administrative obstacles could not prevent the change of the language of instruction from Ukrainian to Slovak.

“A World of Tomorrow”: Trauma, Urbicide, and Documentation in A Woman in Berlin: Eight Weeks in the Conquered City

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-206
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Cornish
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
National Identity ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Collective Trauma ◽  
World War ◽  
Publication History ◽  
The World ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

The World War II diary A Woman in Berlin: Eight Weeks in the Conquered City (2005) documents one woman’s story of survival in the spring of 1945 in Berlin, during which upward of 130,000 women were raped by soldiers of the Red Army. First, this essay introduces the politics of recuperating the English translation of the diary within the context of the scant supporting historical documentation and memorialization of Berliner women’s experience during the occupation. Second, it demonstrates how the diary produces a feminist account of survival and a narrative for collective trauma by examining the diarist’s representations of the effects of rape and rubblestrewn Berlin. Third, the essay details the complicated publication history of the diary through a consideration of the relationship between the trauma sustained by the survivors of mass rape and the blows to German national identity that it documents.

Patronage and Science: Roger Revelle, the U.S. Navy, and Oceanography at the Scripps Institution

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Rainger
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
World War ◽  
Scripps Institution ◽  
The World ◽  
La Jolla ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

In the years between 1940 and 1955, American oceanography experienced considerable change. Nowhere was that more true than at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California. There Roger Revelle (1909-1991) played a major role in transforming a small, seaside laboratory into one of the leading oceanographic centers in the world. This paper explores the impact that World War II had on oceanography and his career. Through an analysis of his activities as a naval officer responsible for promoting oceanography in the navy and wartime civilian laboratories, this article examines his understanding of the relationship between military patronage and scientific research and the impact that this relationship had on disciplinary and institutional developments at Scripps.

Africa in the World: History and Historiography

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esperanza Brizuela-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Far East ◽  
Western World ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Era

Since antiquity and through the modern era African societies maintained contacts with peoples in Europe, the Near and Far East, and the Americas. Among other things, African peoples developed local forms of Christianity and Islam, contributed large amounts of gold to European medieval economies, and exported millions of slaves through the Sahara, and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Despite this, by the 19th century historians and philosophers of history thought Africa was a continent without major civilizations, whose peoples passively rested at the margins of history. These ideas persisted into the 20th century when historians undertook the challenge of writing histories that explained how communities around the world were connected to one another. In their early iterations, however, these “world narratives” were little more than histories of the Western world; Africa continued to be largely absent from these stories. After World War II, increasing interest in the history of African societies and a more generalized concern with the study of communities that were both mis- and under-represented by historical scholarship called for a revision of the goals and methods of world historians. Among the most important critiques were those from Afrocentric, African American, and Africanist scholars. Afrocentric writers argued that Africa had in fact developed an important civilization in the form of Egypt and that Egypt was the foundation of the classical world. African American and Africanist writers highlighted the contributions that peoples of African descent had made to the world economy and many cultures around the globe. Africanists also questioned whether world historical narratives, which meaningfully accounted for the richness and complexity of African experiences, could be achieved in the form of a single universal narrative. Instead, historians have suggested and produced new frameworks that could best explain the many ways in which Africa has been part of the world and its history.

scholarly journals Dilemmas of World-Wide Thinking: Popular Geographies and the Problem of Empire in Wendell Willkie's Search forOne World

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-319
Author(s):  
Samuel Zipp
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Empire ◽  
World War ◽  
Global Space ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Popular Geographies

This essay explores the internationalist vision of Wendell Willkie during World War II, especially as illustrated in his 1943 bestseller,One World. Willkie proposed three mid-century popular geographies of the globe—ways of seeing the relationship between the United States and the world in the context of the expanding ambit of American power and influence. Willkie offered auniversalview of the planet, one that envisioned a new kind of global space free of borders; a depiction of imperial powercontested, which critiqued the racial thinking that underpinned conquest abroad and discrimination at home; and a view of imperial powerobscured, which left unmapped the actual contours of already existing American empire, a dilemma revealed by the omission of the Puerto Rico stop on his 1942 world tour fromOne World. Willkie's widely debated vision revealed the conflicted state of American opinion about U.S. empire during the war.

The Emerging Social Structure of the World

1975 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Inkeles
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
National Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World War ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Economic Control ◽  
The World ◽  
Entire World ◽  
Modern Era

An assessment of the forms in which, and tlie extent to which, the population of the entire world may be coming to participate in a coherent global social system may be made by crude measurement of variations in the degree of autarky, interconnectedness, dependence, interdependence, integration, hegemony, and convergence. In the recent modern era, we can show that interconnectedness has been rising at an exponential rate across numerous dimensions ranging from the exchange of students to world trade. Interdependence is also increasing, but less dramatically. The greater dependence of less developed countries is unmistakable, but integration has advanced very little in the period after World War II. In studying convergence we must differentiate among modes of production, institutional forms, patterns of social relations, the content of popular values, and systems of political and economic control, each of which may change at different speeds and even move in different directions. The argument that there is substantial convergence in political and economic forms at the national level may be seriously challenged. Marked convergence is widely prevalent, however, in the utilization of science, technology, and bureaucratic procedures, and in the consequent incorporation of whole populations into new social roles. These in turn induce new attitudes and values forming a widespread complex or syndrome identified as modern and postmodern. Countervailing tendencies are, however, evident and should be weighed.

NAVAL SHIP STABILITY GUIDELINES: DEVELOPING A SHARED VISION FOR NAVAL STABILITY ASSESSMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 152 (A3) ◽  
Author(s):  
D E Perrault ◽  
T Hughes ◽  
S Marshall
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Shared Vision ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Stability Assessment ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Threat ◽  
Intact Stability ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

Surface combatants are required to operate in conditions of high military threat and be capable of deployment to any area of conflict or crisis at any time. This requirement calls for the vessel and crew to be capable of safely contending with the full range of environmental conditions that may be encountered while pursuing their primary objective. Achieving and maintaining this capability is strongly influenced by the application of naval stability standards, many of which have a common origin, based on experiences from the World War II and before. Although such standards have apparently served the navies admirably over many years, there are many reasons to question their limitations and applicability in the context of modern ship design and procurement. This paper presents the efforts to date of the Naval Stability Standards Working Group to investigate the relationship between existing intact stability standards and capsize risk with respect to frigate forms.

Work and Family in Industrializing America

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-352
Author(s):  
Olivier Zunz
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
World War ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Wage Earners ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
The Relationship

« Work » and « family » : two major components of the human experience which have received concentrated attention. Labor historians, for example, have explored the changing modes of production, the evolving organization of work, and its effects on society. Historical demographers have focused on such family-related issues as the causes of recent fertility decline, the rise of the modem nuclear family, and the revolution in mores. The ways in which the world of the family and the world of work have evolved together, however, have not been as well studied as each separate topic. What is known of the relationship between work and family is that it is complex. In our introductory essay to this seminar. T. Caplow and I stressed the novelty — and impermanence — of the post World War II one wage-earner family. We also pointed to the changing role of women, and compared their role in today's labor force to that of the secondary wage-earners of the nineteenth century, the children

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