Using Visual Analysis to Evaluate and Refine Multilevel Models of Single-Case Studies

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Kyeng Baek ◽  
Merlande Petit-Bois ◽  
Wim Van den Noortgate ◽  
S. Natasha Beretvas ◽  
John M. Ferron
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Single Case

Justifying the data analytical choice in single case research in relation to the expected data pattern

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rumen Manolov
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Data User ◽  
Single Case Research ◽  
User Friendly

The lack of consensus regarding the most appropriate analytical techniques for single-case experimental designs data requires justifying the choice of any specific analytical option. The current text mentions some of the arguments, provided by methodologists and statisticians, in favor of several analytical techniques. Additionally, a small-scale literature review is performed in order to explore if and how applied researchers justify the analytical choices that they make. The review suggests that certain practices are not sufficiently explained. In order to improve the reporting regarding the data analytical decisions, it is proposed to choose and justify the data analytical approach prior to gathering the data. As a possible justification for data analysis plan, we propose using as a basis the expected the data pattern (specifically, the expectation about an improving baseline trend and about the immediate or progressive nature of the intervention effect). Although there are multiple alternatives for single-case data analysis, the current text focuses on visual analysis and multilevel models and illustrates an application of these analytical options with real data. User-friendly software is also developed.

The effect of core stability training on balance and mobility in ambulant individuals with multiple sclerosis: A multi-centre series of single case studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 1377-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Freeman ◽  
M Gear ◽  
A Pauli ◽  
P Cowan ◽  
C Finnigan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Core Stability ◽  
Home Exercise ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
Stability Training

Background: Core stability training is popular in the management of people with multiple sclerosis (MS); however, scientific evidence to support its effectiveness is scarce. Objective: To explore the effectiveness of core stability training on balance and mobility. Method: A multi-centre series of eight single case studies was undertaken. Eight ambulant individuals with stable MS participated in 16 face-to-face core stability training sessions, delivered by a neurophysiotherapist, plus a daily home exercise programme. A range of outcomes were measured: 10-m timed walk, 12-item MS walking scale, timed get up and go, functional reach tests, timed single leg stance, visual analogue scales of two activities, and the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale. Results: Visual analysis of trend, level and slope demonstrated improvement in five subjects (62%) in seven measures. This was confirmed by the two standard deviation band method of analysis for six measures. Analysis of group data (repeated measures within subjects analysis of variance) indicated significant improvement between baseline and intervention phases for timed walk ( p = 0.019), MSWS-12 Scale ( p = 0.041), forward ( p = 0.015) and lateral reach ( p = 0.012). In general, no further improvements were made following withdrawal of the intervention. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of an 8-week core stability training programme in improving balance and mobility in ambulant people with MS. Variations in response to intervention are evident. Assessor-blinded randomized controlled studies are required to confirm these findings and determine patient characteristics which identify those who benefit most from this intervention.

A Pilot Study of Early Storybook Reading With Babies With Hearing Loss

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 3397-3412
Author(s):  
Michelle I. Brown ◽  
David Trembath ◽  
Marleen F. Westerveld ◽  
Gail T. Gillon
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Storybook Reading ◽  
Book Selection ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
Parent Child

Purpose This pilot study explored the effectiveness of an early storybook reading (ESR) intervention for parents with babies with hearing loss (HL) for improving (a) parents' book selection skills, (b) parent–child eye contact, and (c) parent–child turn-taking. Advancing research into ESR, this study examined whether the benefits from an ESR intervention reported for babies without HL were also observed in babies with HL. Method Four mother–baby dyads participated in a multiple baseline single-case experimental design across behaviors. Treatment effects for parents' book selection skills, parent–child eye contact, and parent–child turn-taking were examined using visual analysis and Tau-U analysis. Results Statistically significant increases, with large to very large effect sizes, were observed for all 4 participants for parent–child eye contact and parent–child turn-taking. Limited improvements with ceiling effects were observed for parents' book selection skills. Conclusion The findings provide preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of an ESR intervention for babies with HL for promoting parent–child interactions through eye contact and turn-taking.

Integrating Visual and Bayesian Statistical Analyses in Single Case Experimental Research to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Magnitude of a Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prathiba Natesan ◽  
Smita Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intervention ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Ratio Effect ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Single case experimental designs (SCEDs) have become an indispensable methodology where randomized control trials may be impossible or even inappropriate. However, the nature of SCED data presents challenges for both visual and statistical analyses. Small sample sizes, autocorrelations, data types, and design types render many parametric statistical analyses and maximum likelihood approaches ineffective. The presence of autocorrelation decreases interrater reliability in visual analysis. The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate a newly developed model called the Bayesian unknown change-point (BUCP) model which overcomes all the above-mentioned data analytic challenges. This is the first study to formulate and demonstrate rate ratio effect size for autocorrelated data, which has remained an open question in SCED research until now. This expository study also compares and contrasts the results from BUCP model with visual analysis, and rate ratio effect size with nonoverlap of all pairs (NAP) effect size. Data from a comprehensive behavioral intervention are used for the demonstration.

Comparing the transfer effects of three nonpharmacological interventions in children with AD/HD: a single-case experimental design

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da-Wei Zhang ◽  
Stuart J. Johnstone ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Xiangsheng Li ◽  
Li Sun
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Neurofeedback Training ◽  
Transfer Effects ◽  
Baseline Phase ◽  
Intervention Phase ◽  
Inhibitory Function ◽  
Home Training

The current study used behavioral and electroencephalograph measures to compare the transferability of cognitive training (CT), neurofeedback training (NFT), and CT combined with NFT in children with AD/HD. Following a multiple-baseline single-case experimental design, twelve children were randomized to a training condition. Each child completed a baseline phase, followed by an intervention phase. The intervention phase consisted of 20 sessions of at-home training. Tau-U analysis and standardized visual analysis were adopted to detect effects. CT improved inhibitory function, and NFT showed improved alpha activity and working memory. The combined condition, who was a reduced 'dose' of CT and NFT, did not show any improvements. The three conditions did not alleviate AD/HD symptoms. While CT and NFT may have near transfer effects, considering the lack of improvement in symptoms, this study does not support CT and NFT on their own as a treatment for children with AD/HD.

Comparing Post-communist Authoritarianism in Russia and China

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Elite Politics ◽  
Significant Divergence

The studies of post-communist Russia and China have traditionally been dominated by single-case studies and within-region comparisons. This chapter explores why the CAS of post-communist Russia and China is difficult, why it is rare, and how it could yield significant and unique intellectual payoffs. The cross-regional comparative study of anti-corruption campaigns in contemporary Russia and China is used as an example in this chapter to argue that a well-matched and context-sensitive comparison could reveal significant divergence in the elite politics and institutional capacities of these regimes that would otherwise likely be obscured by single-case studies or studies restricted to one single geographical area such as “Eastern Europe” or “East Asia.” By breaking Russia and China out of their respective “regions,” the CAS perspective thus enables us to better capture the full range of existing diversity of post-communist authoritarianism.

scholarly journals Can We Generalize from Case Studies?

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Ceteris Paribus ◽  
Large N ◽  
Climate Change Politics ◽  
The Comparative Study

This article considers the role of generalization in comparative case studies, using as exemplars the contributions to this special issue on climate change politics. As a research practice, generalization is a logical argument for extending one’s claims beyond the data, positing a connection between events that were studied and those that were not. No methodological tradition is exempt from the requirement to demonstrate a compelling logic of generalization. The article presents a taxonomy of the logics of generalization underlying diverse research methodologies, which often go unstated and unexamined. I introduce the concept of resonance groups, which provide a causeway for cross-system generalization from single case studies. Overall the results suggest that in the comparative study of complex political systems, case study research is, ceteris paribus, on par with large-N research with respect to generalizability.

The Phantom of Upgrading in Agricultural Supply Chains

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Social Upgrading

This book addresses the controversies surrounding smallholders’ opportunities for economic and social upgrading by joining global agricultural value chains (AVC). While international organizations encourage small farmers to become part of AVC, critics point out its risks. Unlike previous single case studies, researchers from three continents compared the influence of the characteristics of the crop (coffee, mango, rice), the end markets, and the national political economic contexts on the social and economic conditions for smallholders and agricultural workers. Their findings highlight the importance of collective action by smallholders and of a supportive state for economic and social upgrading. With contributions by Angela Dziedzim Akorsu, Do Quynh Chi; Francis Enu Kwesi, Daniel James Hawkins, Jakir Hossain, Khiddir Iddris, Clesio Marcelino de Jesus, Manish Kumar, Michele Lindner, Mubashir Mehdi, Rosa Maria Vieira Medeiros, Antonio Cesar Ortega, Thales Augusto Medeiros Penha, Bruno Perosa, Sérgio Schneider and Santosh Verma.

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