Precipitation Distribution Associated with Landfalling Tropical Cyclones over the Eastern United States

2007 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
pp. 2185-2206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eyad Atallah ◽  
Lance F. Bosart ◽  
Anantha R. Aiyyer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Potential Vorticity ◽  
Diabatic Heating ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Precipitation Distribution ◽  
Thermal Wind ◽  
The North ◽  
The Right

Abstract Tropical cyclones (TCs) making landfall over the United States are examined by separating those associated with precipitation predominantly left of their tracks from those with the same to the right of their tracks. Composites of atmospheric variables for these two TC categories are performed and analyzed using potential vorticity (PV) and quasigeostrophic (QG) frameworks. Dynamical signatures are retrieved from these composites to help understand the evolution of precipitation in these storms. Results indicate that a left of track precipitation distribution (e.g., Floyd 1999) is characteristic of TCs undergoing extratropical transition (ET). In these cases, a positively tilted midlatitude trough approaches the TC from the northwest, shifting precipitation to the north-northwest of the TC. Potential vorticity redistribution through diabatic heating leads to enhanced ridging over and downstream of the TC, resulting in an increase in the cyclonic advection of vorticity by the thermal wind over the transitioning TC. A right of track precipitation distribution is characteristic of TCs interacting with a downstream ridge (e.g., David 1979). When the downstream ridge amplifies in response to TC-induced diabatic heating ahead of a weak midlatitude trough, the PV gradient between the TC and the downstream ridge is accentuated, producing a region of enhanced positive PV advection (and cyclonic vorticity advection by the thermal wind) over the TC. The diabatic enhancement of the downstream ridge is instrumental in the redistribution of precipitation about the transitioning TCs in both cases and poses a significant forecast challenge.

Detections of Directional Dynamic Triggering in Intraplate Regions of the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Tang ◽  
Kevin Chao ◽  
Suzan van der Lee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surface Waves ◽  
Seismic Activity ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
The United States ◽  
North American Plate ◽  
Western Boundary ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Dynamic Triggering ◽  
The North

ABSTRACT We report tremor or local earthquake signals that occurred during the propagation of Love and Rayleigh waves from the 2012 Mw 8.6 Sumatra earthquake in three intraplate regions: Yellowstone, central Utah, and Raton basin (Colorado). These surface waves likely also dynamically triggered seismic activity along the western boundary of the North American plate, and did not trigger seismic activity in the central and eastern United States. We report additional potential dynamic triggering in the three aforementioned intraplate regions by surface waves from 37 additional large earthquakes, recorded between 2004 and 2017. These surface waves’ transient stresses generally appear to trigger tremor in seismically, volcanically, and hydrothermally active regions, such as Yellowstone, if the waves also arrive from favorable directions. These stresses do not appear to be decisive factors for triggering local earthquakes reported for the Raton basin and central Utah, whereas, surface waves’ incidence angles do appear to be important there.

scholarly journals The recent development of melanism in the larvæ of certain species of Lepidoptera, with an account of its inheritance in Selenia bilunaria esp

1932 ◽  
Vol 111 (770) ◽  
pp. 188-200 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Geometrid Moth ◽  
State Of Affairs

One of the most remarkable evolutionary processes, the more striking since it has occured before our eyes, has been the rise and spread of melanism and melanochroism amongst the Lepidopetera. Commencing about 1850 in the Manchester area in England with the Geometrid moth Amphidasys betularia L., which yielded the black form carbonaria Jord. ( doubledayaria Mill.), this development has proceeded so rapidly, and become so widespread, that now there is scarcely a country in Northern and Central Europe which does not produce its quota of melanic insects. Moreover, the same state of affairs exists in the North-Eastern United States, although there the number of species affected, up to the present, is not so great as in Europe. Another important feature about these changes lies in the circumstance that, almost uniformly, in Europe and in the United States, the first species to exhibit melanism in any given area have been Amphidasys betularia and Tephrosia crepuscularia . From the beginning, the Geometridæ, more especially the subfamily Boarmiinæ, have provided not only the bulk of the melanic varieties, but also the greatest numbers of individuals. In many areas, as for example in the case of A. betularia and Y psipetes trifasciata , only black examples occur. Nevertheless, other groups include species which have gone black; for instance, the Noctuidæ present black forms of Aplecta nebulosa Hufn., the Cymatophoridæ of Cymatophora or F., the Arctiidæ of Spilosoma lubricipeda L., the Gelechiidæ of Chimabacche fagella F., and so on.

Apotex Inc. v. United States: Award on Jurisdiction and Admissibility (NAFTA Arb.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 905-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Bettauer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Law ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Investment Protection ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The North ◽  
The Right

The North American Free Trade Agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States (NAFTA) entered into force on January 1, 1994. Chapter Eleven of NAFTA contains provisions governing investment protection and investor-state arbitration. In general, NAFTA provides investors of one of the parties protections for their investments in another NAFTA party, guaranteeing: treatment at least as good as that of host or third country investors (NAFTA articles 1102-1104); treatment in accordance with the minimum standards of customary international law (NAFTA article 1105); and compensation for expropriation (NAFTA article 1110). NAFTA article 1139 defines “investment” broadly but excludes contracts for the sale of goods or services. After meeting specified threshold requirements, such an investor has the right to international arbitration against the host state to vindicate these protections.

scholarly journals An Examination of Precipitation in Observations and Model Forecasts during NAME with Emphasis on the Diurnal Cycle

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1680-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Janowiak ◽  
Valery J. Dagostaro ◽  
Vernon E. Kousky ◽  
Robert J. Joyce
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Diurnal Cycle ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
North American Monsoon ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Direct Evaluation ◽  
The North

Abstract Summertime rainfall over the United States and Mexico is examined and is compared with forecasts from operational numerical prediction models. In particular, the distribution of rainfall amounts is examined and the diurnal cycle of rainfall is investigated and compared with the model forecasts. This study focuses on a 35-day period (12 July–15 August 2004) that occurred amid the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) field campaign. Three-hour precipitation forecasts from the numerical models were validated against satellite-derived estimates of rainfall that were adjusted by daily rain gauge data to remove bias from the remotely sensed estimates. The model forecasts that are evaluated are for the 36–60-h period after the model initial run time so that the effects of updated observational data are reduced substantially and a more direct evaluation of the model precipitation parameterization can be accomplished. The main findings of this study show that the effective spatial resolution of the model-generated precipitation is considerably more coarse than the native model resolution. On a national scale, the models overforecast the frequency of rainfall events in the 1–75 mm day−1 range and underforecast heavy events (>85 mm day−1). The models also have a diurnal cycle that peaks 3–6 h earlier than is observed over portions of the eastern United States and the NAME tier-1 region. Time series and harmonic analysis are used to identify where the models perform well and poorly in characterizing the amplitude and phase of the diurnal cycle of precipitation.

The New Deal, Cuba, and the Rise of a Global Foreign Economic Policy

1977 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jules R. Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Foreign Economic Policy ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
The North ◽  
Sugar Market ◽  
The Right

By early 1933 President Roosevelt's advisors concluded that the United States Government would have to play a direct role in the Cuban economy. That nation, economically dependent upon the North American sugar market and politically dependent through the Platt amendment that gave the United States the right to intervene in its internal affairs, was economically prostrate and on the verge of civil war. The United States proceeded to abandon both the free trade and protectionist doctrines that had divided the President's advisors for a program that structurally integrated United States-Cuban trade and employed federal funds to support cooperative Cuban leaders. All of this, Professor Benjamin believes, foreshadowed the massive foreign trade and lending programs so common to American foreign policy after World War II.

Tripartite Fisheries Conference

1952 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-341
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cooperative Research ◽  
Conservation Programs ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
The North ◽  
The Right ◽  
The North Pacific ◽  
Full Consideration

On October 23, 1951, it was announced that, following informal discussions regarding the North Pacific Fisheries, Canada, Japan and the United States had agreed to participate in negotiations for a North Pacific fisheries convention. The conference was held at Tokyo from November 4 to December 14, 1951. All three countries had expressed desires to conclude a fisheries convention: the United States, to safeguard its major conservation programs in the North Pacific, to provide the facilities for cooperative research and management of joint fisheries not yet covered by treaties, and to avoid friction between United States fishermen and those of other countries which threatened to increase with the expansion of Japanese fishing operations; Canada, to safeguard its conservation programs without complicating or restricting its participation in the exploitation of stocks of fish along the adjacent coasts of the United States or complicating its past fishery relations with the United States; Japan, to satisfy the terms of article 9 of the Treaty of Peace, to show its willingness to cooperate with other countries in fishery conservative programs, and to reiterate its claim to the right of Japanese fishermen to exploit stocks of fish anywhere on the high seas. The delegations, which were composed of representatives of industry in each of the three states as well as governmental representatives, spent most of the first week in explaining and answering questions with respect to certain conservation proposals which the United States had offered as a basis for the talks. The conference then turned to a consideration of the Japanese counterproposals and, on December 14, representatives of the three countries signed a document entitled “Resolutions and Request of the Tripartite Fisheries Conference” which expressed their mutual concern in the development and proper utilization of fish stocks in the North Pacific, recommended the adoption of a convention conforming to the draft agreed to by the conference, and recommended that, in negotiating with other governments in respect to problems similar to those covered by the convention, the contracting parties should give full consideration to the spirit and intent of the convention.

A Climatology of Inland Winds from Tropical Cyclones for the Eastern United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1538-1547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Kruk ◽  
Ethan J. Gibney ◽  
David H. Levinson ◽  
Michael Squires
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Emergency Managers ◽  
High Winds ◽  
Threat To Life

Abstract Tropical cyclones pose a significant threat to life and property along coastal regions of the United States. As these systems move inland and dissipate, they can also pose a threat to life and property, through heavy rains, high winds, and other severe weather such as tornadoes. While many studies have focused on the impacts from tropical cyclones on coastal counties of the United States, this study goes beyond the coast and examines the impacts caused by tropical cyclones on inland locations. Using geographical information system software, historical track data are used in conjunction with the radial maximum extent of the maximum sustained winds at 34-, 50-, and 64-kt (1 kt ≈ 0.5 m s−1) thresholds for all intensities of tropical cyclones and overlaid on a 30-km equal-area grid that covers the eastern half of the United States. The result is a series of maps with frequency distributions and an estimation of return intervals for inland tropical storm– and hurricane-force winds. Knowing where the climatologically favored areas are for tropical cyclones, combined with a climatological expectation of the inland penetration frequency of these storms, can be of tremendous value to forecasters, emergency managers, and the public.

scholarly journals Impact of the Hawaiian High on Interannual Variations of Winter Precipitation over California

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 5667-5682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Leonardo ◽  
Sultan Hameed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Diabatic Heating ◽  
Pressure Fluctuations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Interannual Variations ◽  
The North ◽  
Longitudinal Position

Abstract Past investigations have shown that interannual variability in winter precipitation over the western United States is related to large-scale sea level pressure fluctuations. California is adjacent to the North Pacific subtropical high, also known as the Hawaiian high. This study analyzes the relationship between interannual variations of winter precipitation in California and fluctuations in the Hawaiian high’s pressure and location. Defining objective indices to characterize the high, it is shown that precipitation in California is significantly anticorrelated with the high’s intensity. Precipitation is also shown to decrease as the high shifts southward or eastward. A linear regression model of December–March precipitation averaged over all of California with the pressure and longitude of the high as independent variables explains 43% of the precipitation variance during 1949–2012. Variation of the Hawaiian high’s pressure is the major factor impacting winter precipitation in both Northern and Southern California. Smaller contributions are made by variations of the longitudinal position of the Hawaiian high to Northern California and by ENSO to Southern California. By comparison, the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern does not significantly impact winter precipitation over California. The interannual fluctuations of the Hawaiian high’s pressure in winter are related to diabatic heating over the tropical Pacific and the Aleutian region, and are not related to diabatic heating over the West Coast of the United States. The Hawaiian high’s pressure and its latitude and longitude positions do not show decadal trends, and their interannual variations are not correlated with air temperatures averaged over the Northern Hemisphere.

scholarly journals The vascular flora of Choctaw County, Mississippi, U.S.A.

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-348
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Philley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Central Plateau ◽  
Vascular Flora ◽  
Floristic Survey ◽  
The North

The state of Mississippi is one of the least botanically explored areas in the eastern United States. A floristic survey of Choctaw County, Mississippi, was conducted from November 2009 through November 2017 in order to document the vascular flora and describe its plant communities. The county is located in the central portion of the state within the North Central Plateau physiographic region, an area dominated by dissected uplands with acidic to circumneutral sandy-clay soils. Three major river basins occur in the county, including the Big Black River, Noxubee River, and Pearl River. A total of 950 vascular plant species (958 taxa including varieties, subspecies, and recognized hybrids) was recorded. Three-hundred thirteen of these taxa were new county records. Twenty-eight species of special concern as designated by the Mississippi Natural Heritage Program were documented. Approximately 15 percent of the flora is considered non-native to the United States. Eight primary plant communities are also described.

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