scholarly journals What Observation Scheme Should We Use for Profiling Floats to Achieve the Argo Goal for Salinity Measurement Accuracy? Suggestions from Software Calibration

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1588-1601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taiyo Kobayashi ◽  
Shinya Minato
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The North ◽  
Water Region ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Salinity Data ◽  
Mixed Water ◽  
The North Pacific ◽  
Accuracy Goal

Abstract To meet the Argo Project’s accuracy goal for salinity measurements (±0.01), several measurement schemes for profiling float observations were examined using the standard Argo software calibration for salinity. In this study, salinity calibration errors are evaluated in data series observed by employing several different measurement schemes. In the North Pacific the accuracy goal can be achieved by programming for constant measurements to a depth of 1500 db or more; however, measurements in the mixed water region require the adoption of a scheme that constantly measures salinity profiles to the marginal capability depth of floats (e.g., 2000 db), so that calibration errors can be minimized. In contrast, in the tropical regions of the Pacific and eastern Indian Ocean, 1000-db profiles provide salinity data of sufficient quality. When floats use a Park and Profile scheme, it is recommended that they be programmed to measure deeper profiles every observation cycle. Otherwise, it is impossible to detect and correct suspicious data, such as a salinity jump in which a salinity measurement suddenly differs from previous measurements by ±0.02–0.03 or more.

Geographical restriction as a guide to the causes of extinction: the case of the cold northern oceans during the Neogene

Paleobiology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geerat J. Vermeij
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
Northwestern Pacific ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Geographical Patterns ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Late Neogene ◽  
The North Pacific

Geographical restriction to refuges implies the regional extinction of taxa in areas of the previous range falling outside the refuge. A comparison of the circumstances in the refuge with those in areas from which the taxa were eliminated is potentially informative for pinpointing the causes of extinction. A synthesis of data on the geographical and stratigraphical distributions of cool-water molluscs of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans during the late Neogene reveals four patterns of geographical restriction, at least two of which imply that climatic cooling was not the only cause of extinction during the last several million years. These four patterns are (1) the northwestern Pacific restriction, involving 15 taxa whose amphi-Pacific distributions during the late Neogene became subsequently restricted to the Asian side of the Pacific; (2) the northwestern Atlantic restriction, involving six taxa whose early Pleistocene distribution is inferred to have been amphi-Atlantic, but whose present-day and late Pleistocene ranges are confined to the northwestern Atlantic; (3) a vicariant Pacific pattern, in which many ancestral amphi-Pacific taxa gave rise to separate eastern and western descendants; and (4) the circumboreal restriction, involving six taxa whose early Pleistocene distribution, encompassing both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, became subsequently limited to the North Pacific. Like the Pliocene extinctions in the Atlantic, previously studied by Stanley and others, the vicariant Pacific pattern is most reasonably interpreted as having resulted from regional extinction of northern populations in response to cooling. The northwestern Pacific and Atlantic restrictions, however, cannot be accounted for in this way. In contrast to the northeastern margins of the Pacific and Atlantic, the northwestern margins are today characterized by wide temperature fluctuations and by extensive development of shore ice in winter. Northeastern, rather than northwestern, restriction would be expected if cooling were the overriding cause of regional extinction. Among the other possible causes of extinction, only a decrease in primary productivity can account for the observed northwestern and circumboreal patterns of restriction. Geographical patterns of body size and the distribution of siliceous deposits provide supporting evidence that primary productivity declined after the Miocene in the northeastern Pacific, but remained high in the northwestern Pacific, and that productivity in the Pacific is generally higher than it is in the Atlantic. The patterns of geographical restriction in the northern oceans thus provide additional support to previous inferences that reductions in primary productivity have played a significant role in marine extinctions.

scholarly journals Synoptic–Dynamic Climatology of Large-Scale Cyclones in the North Pacific

2006 ◽  
Vol 134 (12) ◽  
pp. 3567-3587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda M. Keller ◽  
Michael C. Morgan ◽  
David D. Houghton ◽  
Ross A. Lazear
Keyword(s):  
North Pacific ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Height Anomaly ◽  
Maximum Frequency ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The North Pacific

Abstract A climatology of large-scale, persistent cyclonic flow anomalies over the North Pacific was constructed using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) global reanalysis data for the cold season (November–March) for 1977–2003. These large-scale cyclone (LSC) events were identified as those periods for which the filtered geopotential height anomaly at a given analysis point was at least 100 m below its average for the date for at least 10 days. This study identifies a region of maximum frequency of LSC events at 45°N, 160°W [key point 1 (KP1)] for the entire period. This point is somewhat to the east of regions of maximum height variability noted in previous studies. A second key point (37.5°N, 162.5°W) was defined as the maximum in LSC frequency for the period after November 1988. The authors show that the difference in location of maximum LSC frequency is linked to a climate regime shift at about that time. LSC events occur with a maximum frequency in the period from November through January. A composite 500-hPa synoptic evolution, constructed relative to the event onset, suggests that the upper-tropospheric precursor for LSC events emerges from a quasi-stationary long-wave trough positioned off the east coast of Asia. In the middle and lower troposphere, the events are accompanied by cold thickness advection from a thermal trough over northeastern Asia. The composite mean sea level evolution reveals a cyclone that deepens while moving from the coast of Asia into the central Pacific. As the cyclone amplifies, it slows down in the central Pacific and becomes nearly stationary within a day of onset. Following onset, at 500 hPa, a stationary wave pattern, resembling the Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern, emerges with a ridge immediately downstream (over western North America) and a trough farther downstream (from the southeast coast of the United States into the western North Atlantic). The implications for the resulting sensible weather and predictability of the flow are discussed. An adjoint-derived sensitivity study was conducted for one of the KP1 cases identified in the climatology. The results provide dynamical confirmation of the LSC precursor identification for the events. The upper-tropospheric precursor is seen to play a key role not only in the onset of the lower-tropospheric height falls and concomitant circulation increases, but also in the eastward extension of the polar jet across the Pacific. The evolution of the forecast sensitivities suggest that LSC events are not a manifestation of a modal instability of the time mean flow, but rather the growth of a favorably configured perturbation on the flow.

scholarly journals Species Composition and New Records of Diatom Taxa on Phyllodictyon pulcherrimum (Chlorophyceae) from the Gulf of California

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 339
Author(s):  
Francisco Omar López-Fuerte ◽  
David Alfaro Siqueiros Beltrones ◽  
María del Carmen Altamirano-Cerecedo
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of California ◽  
New Records ◽  
American Continent ◽  
Epiphytic Diatoms ◽  
Taxonomic Analysis ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
First Time ◽  
The North Pacific

A taxonomic analysis of diatoms found on Phyllodictyon pulcherrimum yielded a total of 244 diatom taxa (all illustrated) within 27 orders, 45 families, and 86 genera. The Taxa were briefly documented in a list including identification references and morphometric data. Thirty-eight of the taxa identified at the species and infraspecific levels represent new records for the coasts of Mexico. Seven were recorded for the first time on the American continent: Auricula flabelliformis, A. pulchra, Campylodiscus scalaris, Coscinodiscus mesoleius, Dimeregramma fulvum, Navicula palpebralis var. angulosa, and Seminavis barbarae, and one, Nitzschia fusiformis, for the Pacific Ocean. This is the second record of the chlorophyte P. pulcherrimum in the north Pacific and the third for Mexican waters. The results confirm that surveying rare macroalgae species as hosts for epiphytic diatoms provides opportunities to seek new records of diatom taxa, or even new taxa, in regions around the world.

Biology of the Pacific Pomfret (Brama japonica) in the North Pacific Ocean

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 2608-2625 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Pearcy ◽  
Joseph P. Fisher ◽  
Mary M. Yoklavich
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Gulf Of Alaska ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Large Fish ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Subarctic Current ◽  
The North Pacific

Abundances of Pacific pomfret (Brama japonica), an epipelagic fish of the North Pacific Ocean, were estimated from gillnet catches during the summers of 1978–1989. Two size modes were common: small pomfret <1 yr old, and large fish ages 1–6. Large and small fish moved northward as temperatures increased, but large fish migrated farther north, often into the cool, low-salinity waters of the Central Subarctic Pacific. Lengths of small fish were positively correlated with latitude and negatively correlated with summer surface temperature. Interannual variations in the latitude of catches correlated with surface temperatures. Large catches were made in the eastern Gulf of Alaska (51–55°N) but modes of small pomfret were absent here, and large fish were rare at these latitudes farther to the west. Pomfret grow rapidly during their first two years of life. They are pectoral fin swimmers that swim continuously. They prey largely on gonatid squids in the region of the Subarctic Current in the Gulf of Alaska during summer. No evidence was found for aggregations on a scale ≤1 km. Differences in the incidence of tapeworm, spawning seasons, and size distributions suggest the possibility of discrete populations in the North Pacific Ocean.

REVIEW OF THE TREMATODE GENERA BACCIGER AND PENTAGRAMMA (FELLODISTOMATIDAE) AND DESCRIPTION OF P. PETROWI (LAYMAN, 1930) N. COMB. FROM MARINE FISHES FROM THE PACIFIC COAST OF CANADA

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Margolis ◽  
Hilda Lei Ching
Keyword(s):  
North Pacific ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Marine Fishes ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Type B ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
North Pacific Region ◽  
The North Pacific

The generic diagnoses of Bacciger and Pentagramma are emended. Recognized as members of the genus Bacciger are the type, B. bacciger (Rudolphi, 1819), from the Mediterranean, Black, and Azov Seas; B. nicolli Palombi, 1934, from Atlantic waters near the British Isles; and B. opisthonemae Nahhas and Cable, 1964, from Jamaican waters. Pentagramma consist of P. symmetricum Chnlkova, 1939, the type, from the Black and Azov Seas and P. petrowi (Layman, 1930) n. comb, from the northern part of the North Pacific region. Synonyms of P. petrowi are Monorcheides(?) petrowi Layman, 1930: Orientophorus sayori Yamaguti, 1942; Faustula sayori (Yamaguti, 1942); Orientophorus petrowi (Layman, 1930); and Bacciger petrowi (Layman, 1930). Pentagramma petrowi is redescribed and additional details of morphology are included for P. symmetricum, B. bacciger, and B. nicolli. Measurements of the species discussed and extensive host and locality records are tabulated.

scholarly journals The Paradise Problem: Painted Experience

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Meyer ◽  
Stephen Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Sample Group ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Wet Tropics ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Selection Of

This research focuses on a sample group of painters who have worked in the North Queensland wet tropics where they have explored tropical imagery within western traditions. Despite some acknowledgement of the Pacific by Smith (1960) and some engagement by established southern artists in fleeting visits to the North; there has been little research into contributions of the contemporary painters working within the wet tropical regions of northern Australia. This research challenges some of the late 19th century and early 20th century filters established by the painters Gauguin, Matisse and Henri Rousseau in finding a tropical paradise, through the presentation of data collected from the selection of artists working in the tropics, teasing out the contradictions within the work of mainstream art historians.

scholarly journals Feeding of smoothtongue Leuroglossus schmidti in the Bering, Okhotsk Seas and adjacent waters of the Pacific Ocean

2016 ◽  
Vol 184 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-157
Author(s):  
Alexander Ya. Efimkin
Keyword(s):  
Bering Sea ◽  
Mesopelagic Fish ◽  
The North ◽  
Important Prey ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Upper Epipelagic Layer ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The North Pacific ◽  
Epipelagic Layer ◽  
The Bering Sea

Smoothtongue Leuroglossus schmidti is a small mesopelagic fish species common for subarctic waters. It rises to the upper epipelagic layer at night for feeding and preys mainly on euphausiids, copepods and amphipods. Its mean index of stomach fullness reaches 68 ‱ in the epipelagic layer, but it almost doesn’t feed deeper than 200 m, judging by a little food in the stomach. In the Bering Sea, euphausiids dominate in its diet and the portion of copepods is small. In the ​​Okhotsk Sea, each of these two groups provides a half of the diet. In the North Pacific, the portion of copepods is 63 % on average, euphausiids are the second important prey, and amphipods occur in the diet occasionally. Daily ration of smoothtongue is about 1.4 %.

scholarly journals A database of paleoceanographic sediment cores from the North Pacific, 1951–2016

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Borreggine ◽  
Sarah E. Myhre ◽  
K. Allison S. Mislan ◽  
Curtis Deutsch ◽  
Catherine V. Davis
Keyword(s):  
North Pacific ◽  
Planktonic Foraminifera ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Sedimentary Sequences ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Age Model ◽  
The North Pacific

Abstract. We assessed sediment coring, data acquisition, and publications from the North Pacific (north of 30˚ N) from 1951–2016. There are 2134 sediment cores collected by American, French, Japanese, Russian, and international research vessels across the North Pacific (including the Pacific Subarctic Gyre, Alaskan Gyre, Japan Margin, and California Margin, 1391 cores), Sea of Okhotsk (271 cores), Bering Sea (123 cores), and Sea of Japan (349 cores) reported here. All existing metadata associated with these sediment cores are documented, including coring date, location, core number, cruise number, water depth, vessel metadata, and coring technology. North Pacific age models are based on isotope stratigraphy, radiocarbon dating, magnetostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, tephrochronology, % opal, color, and lithophysical proxies. Here, we evaluate the iterative generation of each published age model and provide documentation of each dating technique used, as well as sedimentation rates and age ranges. We categorized cores according to availability of a variety of proxy evidence, including biological (e.g. benthic and planktonic foraminifera assemblages), geochemical (e.g. heavy metal concentrations), isotopic (e.g. bulk sediment nitrogen and carbon isotopes), and stratigraphic (e.g. preserved laminations) proxies. This database is a unique resource to the paleoceanographic and paleoclimate communities, and provides cohesive accessibility to sedimentary sequences, age model development, and proxies. The data set is publicly available through PANGAEA at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.875998.

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