scholarly journals Atmospheric Water Balance and Variability in the MERRA-2 Reanalysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1177-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Bosilovich ◽  
Franklin R. Robertson ◽  
Lawrence Takacs ◽  
Andrea Molod ◽  
David Mocko
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Atmospheric Water ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
Vapor Analysis ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract Closing and balancing Earth’s global water cycle remains a challenge for the climate community. Observations are limited in duration, global coverage, and frequency, and not all water cycle terms are adequately observed. Reanalyses aim to fill the gaps through the assimilation of as many atmospheric water vapor observations as possible. Former generations of reanalyses have demonstrated a number of systematic problems that have limited their use in climate studies, especially regarding low-frequency trends. This study characterizes the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2) water cycle relative to contemporary reanalyses and observations. MERRA-2 includes measures intended to minimize the spurious global variations related to inhomogeneity in the observational record. The global balance and cycling of water from ocean to land is presented, with special attention given to the water vapor analysis increment and the effects of the changing observing system. While some systematic regional biases can be identified, MERRA-2 produces temporally consistent time series of total column water and transport of water from ocean to land. However, the interannual variability of ocean evaporation is affected by the changing surface-wind-observing system, and precipitation variability is closely related to the evaporation. The surface energy budget is also strongly influenced by the interannual variability of the ocean evaporation. Furthermore, evaluating the relationship of temperature and water vapor indicates that the variations of water vapor with temperature are weaker in satellite data reanalyses, not just MERRA-2, than determined by observations, atmospheric models, or reanalyses without water vapor assimilation.

scholarly journals Rethinking How Water Circulates Between the Oceans and Land

Eos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terri Cook
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Water Circulation ◽  
Atmospheric Water ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Global Water

A reexamination of the global water cycle shows that tropical coastlines exert a profound influence on atmospheric water circulation by wringing water vapor from the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Melatonin and Pathological Cell Interactions: Mitochondrial Glucose Processing in Cancer Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12494
Author(s):  
Russel J. Reiter ◽  
Ramaswamy Sharma ◽  
Sergio Rosales-Corral ◽  
Walter Manucha ◽  
Luiz Gustavo de Almeida Chuffa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Atmospheric Water ◽  
Maritime Continent ◽  
Easterly Wind

The Tibetan Plateau (TP), atmosphere, and Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP) together constitute a regional land–atmosphere–ocean water vapor transport system. This study uses remote sensing data, reanalysis data, and observational data to explore the spatiotemporal variations of the summer atmospheric water cycle over the TP and its possible response to the air–sea interaction in the IPWP during the period 1958–2019. The results reveal that the atmospheric water cycle process over the TP presented an interannual and interdecadal strengthening trend. The climatic precipitation recycle ratio (PRR) over the TP was 18%, and the stronger the evapotranspiration, the higher the PRR. On the interdecadal scale, the change in evapotranspiration has a significant negative correlation with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index. The variability of the water vapor transport (WVT) over the TP was controlled by the dynamic and thermal conditions inside the plateau and the external air–sea interaction processes of the IPWP. When the summer monsoon over the TP was strong, there was an anomalous cyclonic WVT, which increased the water vapor budget (WVB) over the TP. The central and eastern tropical Pacific, the maritime continent and the western Indian Ocean together constituted the triple Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomaly, which enhanced the convective activity over the IPWP and induced a significant easterly wind anomaly in the middle and lower troposphere, and then generated pronounced easterly WVT anomalies from the tropical Pacific to the maritime continent and the Bay of Bengal. Affected by the air–sea changes in the IPWP, the combined effects of the upstream strengthening and the downstream weakening in the water vapor transport process, directly and indirectly, increased the water vapor transport and budget of TP.

scholarly journals The Variability of Summer Atmospheric Water Cycle over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Response to the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 4676
Author(s):  
Deli Meng ◽  
Wanjiao Song ◽  
Qing Dong ◽  
Zi Yin ◽  
Wenbo Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Atmospheric Water ◽  
Maritime Continent ◽  
Pacific Warm Pool

The Tibetan Plateau (TP), atmosphere, and Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP) together constitute a regional land–atmosphere–ocean water vapor transport system. This study uses remote sensing data, reanalysis data, and observational data to explore the spatiotemporal variations of the summer atmospheric water cycle over the TP and its possible response to the air-sea interaction in the IPWP during the period 1958–2019. The results reveal that the atmospheric water cycle process over the TP presented an interannual and interdecadal strengthening trend. The climatic precipitation recycle ratio (PRR) over the TP was 18%, and the stronger the evapotranspiration, the higher the PRR. On the interdecadal scale, the change in evapotranspiration has a significant negative correlation with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index. The variability of the water vapor transport (WVT) over the TP was controlled by the dynamic and thermal conditions inside the plateau and the external air-sea interaction processes of the IPWP. When the summer monsoon over the TP was strong, there was an anomalous cyclonic WVT, which increased the water vapor budget (WVB) over the TP. The central and eastern tropical Pacific, the maritime continent and the western Indian Ocean together constituted the triple Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomaly, which enhanced the convective activity over the IPWP and induced a significant easterly wind anomaly in the middle and lower troposphere, and then generated pronounced easterly WVT anomalies from the tropical Pacific to the maritime continent and the Bay of Bengal. Affected by the air-sea changes in the IPWP, the combined effects of the upstream strengthening and the downstream weakening in the water vapor transport process, directly and indirectly, increased the water vapor transport and budget of TP.

scholarly journals Hydrometeorology of the Amazon in ERA-40

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 764-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan K. Betts ◽  
John H. Ball ◽  
Pedro Viterbo ◽  
Aiguo Dai ◽  
José Marengo
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Atmospheric Water Vapor ◽  
Atmospheric Water ◽  
Temperature Bias ◽  
Annual Time Scale ◽  
Annual Time

Abstract The hydrometeorology of the Amazon basin in the ERA-40 reanalysis for 1958–2001 is compared with observations of precipitation, temperature, and streamflow. After 1979, the reanalysis over the Amazon has a small cool bias of the order of −0.35 K, and a small low bias of precipitation of the order of −0.3 mm day−1. In the early years (1958–72), there is a large upward drift in reanalysis precipitation and runoff associated with an upward drift in the atmospheric water vapor in the analysis, and a somewhat smaller downward drift of temperature as precipitation increases. In the presatellite data, there are inhomogeneities in the radiosonde and surface synoptic data, and there were problems with the variational analysis of humidity once satellite radiances were introduced. Approximate bias corrections can be made for precipitation and runoff on an annual basis, but this also removes some of the interannual variability. The reanalysis runoff–precipitation relationship is similar to the observed streamflow–precipitation relation, on an annual water-year basis. Compared to observations, ERA-40 precipitation for the Amazon is low by about 1.3 mm day−1 in the rainy season, and high by a smaller amount in the dry season. The precipitation bias produces a temperature bias in ERA-40 of the opposite sign on the annual time scale. The reanalysis has a small cold temperature bias after 1967, but on an annual time scale it reproduces the interannual variability of the observations. Although the biases in temperature and precipitation in recent decades are small, the difficulties with the analysis of atmospheric water vapor lead to large uncertainty in long-term trends of the water cycle.

Impact of atmospheric gravity waves on the Martian global water cycle during dust storms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Shaposhnikov ◽  
Alexander Medvedev ◽  
Alexander Rodin ◽  
Paul Hartogh
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Dust Storm ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Atmospheric Gravity Waves ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
Atmospheric Gravity ◽  
Global Water

<p>Effects of atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) on the global water cycle in the middle and high atmosphere of Mars during the global dust storms (Martian years 28 and 34) have been studied for the first time using a general circulation model. Dust storm simulations were compared with those utilizing the climatological distribution of dust in the absence of a GW parameterization. The dust storm scenarios are based on the observations of the dust optical depth by the Mars Climate Sounder instrument on board Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The simulations show that accounting for the influence of GWs leads to a change in the concentration of water vapor in the thermosphere. The most significant effect of GWs is twofold. First, cooling of the thermosphere at the poles leads to a decrease in the water vapor abundance during certain periods. Second, heating in the regions representing the main channels of water supply to the upper atmosphere (the so-called water "pump" mechanism) increases, on the contrary, its concentration. Since the temperature increase provides more intensive atmospheric mixing, and also expands the supply channel through an increase in saturation pressure. The dynamic balance of these basic mechanisms drives the changes in the distribution of water vapor in the upper atmosphere. Dust storms enhance pumping of water vapor into the upper atmosphere. Seasonal differences in the storm occurrences in different years allow for tracking the paths of water vapor transport to the upper atmosphere.</p>

The atmospheric water cycle of a coastal lagoon: An isotope study of the interactions between water vapor, precipitation and surface waters

2019 ◽  
Vol 572 ◽  
pp. 630-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Zannoni ◽  
Hans Christian Steen-Larsen ◽  
Giancarlo Rampazzo ◽  
Giuliano Dreossi ◽  
Barbara Stenni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Coastal Lagoon ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Atmospheric Water ◽  
Isotope Study
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