Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves. Part II: Propagation Characteristics

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 3424-3437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gui-Ying Yang ◽  
Brian Hoskins ◽  
Julia Slingo
Keyword(s):  
Rossby Wave ◽  
Phase Speed ◽  
Kelvin Waves ◽  
Equatorial Waves ◽  
Propagation Characteristics ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Ambient Flow ◽  
Vertical Coupling ◽  
Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves ◽  
Coherent Wave

Abstract Following the description of the horizontal and vertical structures of convectively coupled equatorial waves presented in Part I, here their propagation characteristics are investigated. Linear lagged regressions are used to produce their composite evolution, and the Radon transform technique is used to calculate their phase speeds. It is shown that coherent wave structures with convective coupling generally exist for about 1–2 weeks. Typical zonal wavenumbers are 6–8, wavelengths are 42°–64° of longitude, and typical periods are 4–8 days. The eastward phase speed of convectively coupled Kelvin waves is between 10 and 17 m s−1. The westward phase speed of the coupled mixed Rossby–gravity wave is between 10 and 15 m s−1, and the westward phase speed of the coupled n = 1 Rossby wave is between 7 and 9 m s−1. It is found that convection can produce stronger vertical coupling of phase speeds, and Doppler shifting by the ambient flow can modify phase speeds. There is further evidence that some waves tend to act as forcing agents for convection whereas others tend to be forced by convection. Eastward propagation of some n = 0 and 1 modes in the upper troposphere is also examined.

scholarly journals Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves. Part I: Horizontal and Vertical Structures

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 3406-3423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gui-Ying Yang ◽  
Brian Hoskins ◽  
Julia Slingo
Keyword(s):  
Composite Structures ◽  
Wave Structure ◽  
Wave Theory ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Equatorial Waves ◽  
Kelvin Wave ◽  
Ambient Flow ◽  
Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves ◽  
Eastern Hemisphere ◽  
Equatorial Wave

Abstract Multilevel 15-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-15) and satellite-observed brightness temperature (Tb) data for the period May–October 1992 are used to examine the horizontal and vertical structures of convectively coupled equatorial waves. Dynamical waves are isolated using a methodology developed previously. Composite structures of convectively coupled equatorial waves are obtained using linear regression/correlation between convection (Tb) and dynamical structures. It is found that the relationship depends on the ambient flow and the nature of the convective coupling, and varies between off-equatorial- and equatorial-centered convection, different hemispheres, and seasons. The Kelvin wave structure in the Western Hemisphere is generally consistent with classic equatorial wave theory and has its convection located in the region of low-level convergence. In the Eastern Hemisphere the Kelvin wave tends to have convection in the region of enhanced lower-tropospheric westerlies and a tilted vertical structure. The Kelvin wave also tends to have a third peak in zonal wind amplitude at 500 hPa and exhibits upward propagation into the lower stratosphere. Lower-tropospheric westward-moving mixed Rossby–gravity (WMRG) and n = 1 Rossby (R1) wave structures and their relationship with convection are consistent with classic equatorial wave theory and the implied lower-tropospheric convergences. In the Eastern Hemisphere the WMRG and R1 waves have first baroclinic mode structures in the vertical. However, in the Western Hemisphere, the R1 wave has a barotropic structure. In the Eastern Hemisphere the R1 wave, like the Kelvin wave, tends to have equatorial convection in the region of enhanced lower-level westerlies, suggesting that enhanced surface energy fluxes associated with these waves may play an important organizing role for equatorial convection in this warm-water hemisphere. In the upper troposphere, eastward-moving Rossby–gravity (EMRG) and n = 1 gravity waves are found in the Eastern Hemisphere, and eastward-moving WMRG and R1 waves are found in the Western Hemisphere, suggestive of Doppler shifting of waves by the ambient flow.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Global Oceanic Rossby Wave and Mesoscale Eddies Propagation from Multiple Datasets Analysis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunfan Zhang ◽  
Fenglin Tian ◽  
Ge Chen
Keyword(s):  
Rossby Wave ◽  
Phase Speed ◽  
Mesoscale Eddies ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Ocean Current ◽  
Propagation Characteristics ◽  
The North ◽  
Multiple Datasets ◽  
Salinity Data ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. In this paper we present a research of propagation characteristics of global Rossby wave and mesoscale eddies, and we preliminarily discussing the relationship between them from multiple datasets analysis. By filtering the MSLA-H data and by means of optimized SSH method we have extracted signals of the Rossby wave, and estimated the propagation speed (zonal phase speed) of the Rossby wave and eddies. Validation for the identification of the Rossby wave also has been completed with the Argo temperature and salinity data. The prime focus covers: propagation speed comparison between the Rossby wave and the eddies, propagation characteristics in different regions. Overlaying the signals of the Rossby wave with the signatures of the eddies indicates that the Rossby wave and the eddies propagates together (westward only) in the mid-latitude, but differences appear with increasing of latitude, especially in some areas affected by ocean current, for instance, the West Wind Drift(WWD) and the North Atlantic Drift(NAD). Actually we have found that the currents led the eddies, and the Rossby wave might play an accelerative or moderative role in the eddies propagation, as a result of the velocities of the eddies and the currents were matched well, but comparison between the Rossby wave and the eddies revealed disparity. The findings are useful for understanding the relationship between the Rossby wave and mesoscale eddies.

scholarly journals Equatorial Waves in Opposite QBO Phases

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 839-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gui-Ying Yang ◽  
Brian J. Hoskins ◽  
Julia M. Slingo
Keyword(s):  
Group Velocity ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Phase Speed ◽  
Kelvin Waves ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Equatorial Waves ◽  
Vertical Wavelength ◽  
Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽  
Zonal Wavenumber ◽  
The Waves

Abstract A methodology for identifying equatorial waves is used to analyze the multilevel 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data for two different years (1992 and 1993) to investigate the behavior of the equatorial waves under opposite phases of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). A comprehensive view of 3D structures and of zonal and vertical propagation of equatorial Kelvin, westward-moving mixed Rossby–gravity (WMRG), and n = 1 Rossby (R1) waves in different QBO phases is presented. Consistent with expectation based on theory, upward-propagating Kelvin waves occur more frequently during the easterly QBO phase than during the westerly QBO phase. However, the westward-moving WMRG and R1 waves show the opposite behavior. The presence of vertically propagating equatorial waves in the stratosphere also depends on the upper tropospheric winds and tropospheric forcing. Typical propagation parameters such as the zonal wavenumber, zonal phase speed, period, vertical wavelength, and vertical group velocity are found. In general, waves in the lower stratosphere have a smaller zonal wavenumber, shorter period, faster phase speed, and shorter vertical wavelength than those in the upper troposphere. All of the waves in the lower stratosphere show an upward group velocity and downward phase speed. When the phase of the QBO is not favorable for waves to propagate, their phase speed in the lower stratosphere is larger and their period is shorter than in the favorable phase, suggesting Doppler shifting by the ambient flow and a filtering of the slow waves. Tropospheric WMRG and R1 waves in the Western Hemisphere also show upward phase speed and downward group velocity, with an indication of their forcing from middle latitudes. Although the waves observed in the lower stratosphere are dominated by “free” waves, there is evidence of some connection with previous tropical convection in the favorable year for the Kelvin waves in the warm water hemisphere and WMRG and R1 waves in the Western Hemisphere, which is suggestive of the importance of convective forcing for the existence of propagating coupled Kelvin waves and midlatitude forcing for the existence of coupled WMRG and R1 waves.

scholarly journals The characteristics of the equatorial waves caused a record torrential rain event over western Sumatra

2021 ◽  
Vol 893 (1) ◽  
pp. 012015
Author(s):  
P Wu ◽  
Y Fukutomi ◽  
K Kikuchi
Keyword(s):  
Rossby Waves ◽  
Phase Speed ◽  
Kelvin Waves ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Rain Event ◽  
Equatorial Waves ◽  
Torrential Rain ◽  
Sumatra Island ◽  
Equatorial Rossby Waves

Abstract This study examined the cause of a record torrential rain event over the western coast of Sumatra Island in March 2016. The influence of atmospheric equatorial waves (EWs) and the characteristics of the EWs were investigated. Analysis of the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis data (JRA-55) and precipitation data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite showed that the event was caused by the combined effects of Kelvin waves, equatorial Rossby waves, and westward inertio-gravity (WIG) waves. An examination of the characteristics of the EWs revealed that the Kelvin waves had longitudinal scales of ~6,000 km, with a period of ~6 days and phase speed of ~12 m s-1, which was typical of the convectively coupled Kelvin waves in this region. The WIG waves had a scale of ~2,500 km, with a period of 2.5 days and a relatively fast phase speed of 12~13 m s-1. Heavy precipitation occurred when an eastward Kelvin wave from the Indian Ocean encountered a westward inertio-gravity (WIG) over Sumatra Island. It was concluded that along with the Kelvin and equatorial Rossby waves, the WIG waves might have played a major role in the formation of the extreme precipitation event.

Impacts of convectively coupled equatorial waves on rainfall extremes in Java, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhamad Reyhan Respati ◽  
Sandro W. Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Moisture Flux ◽  
Kelvin Waves ◽  
Equatorial Waves ◽  
Multiple Wave ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves ◽  
Rainfall Extremes

<p>Rainfall extremes cause significant socioeconomic impacts in Indonesia, as they are often followed by disastrous events, such as floods and landslides. Of particular interest is Java Island, the most populated region in Indonesia, which is prone to damaging flooding as a result of heavy rainfall. The prediction of rainfall extremes in this region has mainly been focused on the effects of seasonal and intraseasonal variability, such as monsoons and the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Here, using an extensive station database from 1987 to 2017 and the gridded Asian Precipitation‐Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Toward Evaluation of Water Resources (APHRODITE) product from 1980 to 2007, we show that severe weather conditions associated with rainfall extremes in Java during the rainy season (November to April) can also be attributed to convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs) that occur on a shorter time scale.</p><p>Evidence is presented that CCEWs, including Kelvin, equatorial Rossby (ER), and mixed Rossby‐gravity (MRG) waves, significantly modulate daily rainfall extremes over Java Island. Of these three types, the Kelvin waves have the greatest influence on heavy rainfall over Java Island. The convectively active (suppressed) phases of Kelvin waves increase (decrease) the probability of extreme rain events over land regions by up to 60% (50%) of the baseline probability. On the other hand, the convectively active phases of ER (MRG) waves increase the probability by up to 45% (40%), while the suppressed phases decrease this by up to 40% (30%). In terms of the mechanism of rainfall extremes, CCEWs modulate moisture flux convergence, leading to the enhancement of local convection over the region. In addition, the analysis of multiple wave events indicates that positive (negative) interferences of the CCEWs lead to an amplification (suppression) of extreme rainfall probability. Overall, the results suggest that equatorial waves provide an important source of the predictability for daily extreme rainfall events over Java Island.</p><p><strong><span>Reference:</span></strong></p><p><span>Lubis, SW</span>, <span>Respati, MR</span>. <span>Impacts of convectively coupled equatorial waves on rainfall extremes in Java, Indonesia</span>. <em>Int J Climatol</em>. <span>2020</span>; <span>1</span>– <span>23</span>. </p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves in High-Resolution Hadley Centre Climate Models

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1897-1919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gui-Ying Yang ◽  
Julia Slingo ◽  
Brian Hoskins
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Phase Speed ◽  
Atmospheric Model ◽  
Equatorial Waves ◽  
Kelvin Wave ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Model Version ◽  
Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves ◽  
Hadley Centre

Abstract A methodology for diagnosing convectively coupled equatorial waves is applied to output from two high-resolution versions of atmospheric models, the Hadley Centre Atmospheric Model, version 3 (HadAM3), and the new Hadley Centre Global Atmospheric Model, version 1 (HadGAM1), which have fundamental differences in dynamical formulation. Variability, horizontal and vertical structures, and propagation characteristics of tropical convection and equatorial waves, along with their coupled behavior in the models, are examined and evaluated against a previous comprehensive study of observed convectively coupled equatorial waves using the 15-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-15) and satellite observed data. The extent to which the models are able to represent the coupled waves found in real atmospheric observations is investigated. It is shown that, in general, the models perform well for equatorial waves coupled with off-equatorial convection. However, they perform poorly for waves coupled with equatorial convection. Convection in both models contains much-reduced variance in equatorial regions, but reasonable off-equatorial variance. The models fail to simulate coupling of the waves with equatorial convection and the tendency for equatorial convection to appear in the region of wave-enhanced near-surface westerlies. In addition, the simulated Kelvin wave and its associated convection generally tend to have lower frequency and slower phase speed than that observed. The models are also not able to capture the observed vertical tilt structure and signatures of energy conversion in the Kelvin wave, particularly in HadAM3. On the other hand, models perform better in simulating westward-moving waves coupled with off-equatorial convection, in terms of horizontal and vertical structures, zonal propagation, and energy conversion signals. In most cases both models fail to simulate well a key picture emerging from the observations, that some wave modes in the lower troposphere can act as a forcing agent for equatorial convection, and that the upper-tropospheric waves generally appear to be forced by the convection both on and off the equator.

scholarly journals Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves. Part III: Synthesis Structures and Their Forcing and Evolution

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 3438-3451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gui-Ying Yang ◽  
Brian Hoskins ◽  
Julia Slingo
Keyword(s):  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Equatorial Region ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Equatorial Waves ◽  
Kelvin Wave ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves ◽  
Eastern Hemisphere ◽  
Equatorial Wave

Abstract Building on Parts I and II of this study, the structures of eastward- and westward-moving convectively coupled equatorial waves are examined through synthesis of projections onto standard equatorial wave horizontal structures. The interaction between these equatorial wave components and their evolution are investigated. It is shown that the total eastward-moving fields and their coupling with equatorial convection closely resemble the standard Kelvin wave in the lower troposphere, with intensified convection in phase with anomalous westerlies in the Eastern Hemisphere (EH) and with anomalous convergence in the Western Hemisphere (WH). However, in the upper troposphere, the total fields show a mixture of the Kelvin wave and higher (n = 0 and 1) wave structures, with strong meridional wind and its divergence. The equatorial total fields show what may be described as a modified first internal Kelvin wave vertical structure in the EH, with a tilt in the vertical and a third peak in the midtroposphere. There is evidence that the EH midtropospheric Kelvin wave is closely associated with SH extratropical eastward-moving wave activity, the vertical velocity associated with the wave activity stretching into the equatorial region in the mid–upper troposphere. The midtropospheric zonal wind and geopotential height show a pattern that may be associated with a forced wave. The westward-moving fields associated with off-equatorial convection show very different behaviors between the EH midsummer and the WH transition seasons. In the EH midsummer, the total fields have a baroclinic structure, with the off-equatorial convection in phase with relatively warm air, suggesting convective forcing of the dynamical fields. The total structures exhibit a mixture of the n = 0, 1 components, with the former dominating to the east of convection and the latter to the west of convection. The n = 0 component is found to be closely connected to the lower-level n = 1 Rossby (R1) wave that appears earlier and seems to provide organization for the convection, which in turn forces the n = 0 wave. In the WH transition season the total fields have a barotropic structure and are dominated by the R1 wave. There is evidence that this barotropic R1 wave, as well as the associated tropical convection, is forced by the NH upper-tropospheric extratropical Rossby wave activity. In the EH, westward-moving lower-level wind structures associated with equatorial convection resemble the R1 wave, with equatorial westerlies in phase with the intensified convection. However, westward-moving n = −1 and n = 0 structures are also involved.

Convectively coupled equatorial waves within the MJO during CINDY/DYNAMO: slow Kelvin waves as building blocks

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 4211-4230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyoshi Kikuchi ◽  
George N. Kiladis ◽  
Juliana Dias ◽  
Tomoe Nasuno
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Kelvin Waves ◽  
Equatorial Waves ◽  
Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves

scholarly journals Tropical Intraseasonal Variability in 14 IPCC AR4 Climate Models. Part I: Convective Signals

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 2665-2690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Lin Lin ◽  
George N. Kiladis ◽  
Brian E. Mapes ◽  
Klaus M. Weickmann ◽  
Kenneth R. Sperber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Intraseasonal Variability ◽  
Phase Speed ◽  
General Circulation Models ◽  
Climate Simulation ◽  
Equatorial Waves ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract This study evaluates the tropical intraseasonal variability, especially the fidelity of Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) simulations, in 14 coupled general circulation models (GCMs) participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Eight years of daily precipitation from each model’s twentieth-century climate simulation are analyzed and compared with daily satellite-retrieved precipitation. Space–time spectral analysis is used to obtain the variance and phase speed of dominant convectively coupled equatorial waves, including the MJO, Kelvin, equatorial Rossby (ER), mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG), and eastward inertio–gravity (EIG) and westward inertio–gravity (WIG) waves. The variance and propagation of the MJO, defined as the eastward wavenumbers 1–6, 30–70-day mode, are examined in detail. The results show that current state-of-the-art GCMs still have significant problems and display a wide range of skill in simulating the tropical intraseasonal variability. The total intraseasonal (2–128 day) variance of precipitation is too weak in most of the models. About half of the models have signals of convectively coupled equatorial waves, with Kelvin and MRG–EIG waves especially prominent. However, the variances are generally too weak for all wave modes except the EIG wave, and the phase speeds are generally too fast, being scaled to excessively deep equivalent depths. An interesting result is that this scaling is consistent within a given model across modes, in that both the symmetric and antisymmetric modes scale similarly to a certain equivalent depth. Excessively deep equivalent depths suggest that these models may not have a large enough reduction in their “effective static stability” by diabatic heating. The MJO variance approaches the observed value in only 2 of the 14 models, but is less than half of the observed value in the other 12 models. The ratio between the eastward MJO variance and the variance of its westward counterpart is too small in most of the models, which is consistent with the lack of highly coherent eastward propagation of the MJO in many models. Moreover, the MJO variance in 13 of the 14 models does not come from a pronounced spectral peak, but usually comes from part of an overreddened spectrum, which in turn is associated with too strong persistence of equatorial precipitation. The two models that arguably do best at simulating the MJO are the only ones having convective closures/triggers linked in some way to moisture convergence.

scholarly journals The Impacts of Convective Parameterization and Moisture Triggering on AGCM-Simulated Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 883-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Lin Lin ◽  
Myong-In Lee ◽  
Daehyun Kim ◽  
In-Sik Kang ◽  
Dargan M. W. Frierson
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Phase Speed ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Equatorial Waves ◽  
Convective Parameterization ◽  
Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves ◽  
National University ◽  
Convection Schemes ◽  
Seoul National University

Abstract This study examines the impacts of convective parameterization and moisture convective trigger on convectively coupled equatorial waves simulated by the Seoul National University (SNU) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). Three different convection schemes are used, including the simplified Arakawa–Schubert (SAS) scheme, the Kuo (1974) scheme, and the moist convective adjustment (MCA) scheme, and a moisture convective trigger with variable strength is added to each scheme. The authors also conduct a “no convection” experiment with deep convection schemes turned off. Space–time spectral analysis is used to obtain the variance and phase speed of dominant convectively coupled equatorial waves, including the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), Kelvin, equatorial Rossby (ER), mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG), and eastward inertio-gravity (EIG) and westward inertio-gravity (WIG) waves. The results show that both convective parameterization and the moisture convective trigger have significant impacts on AGCM-simulated, convectively coupled equatorial waves. The MCA scheme generally produces larger variances of convectively coupled equatorial waves including the MJO, more coherent eastward propagation of the MJO, and a more prominent MJO spectral peak than the Kuo and SAS schemes. Increasing the strength of the moisture trigger significantly enhances the variances and slows down the phase speeds of all wave modes except the MJO, and usually improves the eastward propagation of the MJO for the Kuo and SAS schemes, but the effect for the MCA scheme is small. The no convection experiment always produces one of the best signals of convectively coupled equatorial waves and the MJO.

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