scholarly journals The Dynamics of Phase Locking

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 2952-2964 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Krishnamurti ◽  
D. R. Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Phase Locking ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Transfer Energy ◽  
Energy Exchanges ◽  
Boundary Layer Dynamics

Abstract Many low-frequency phenomena such as the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) or the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exhibit rapid growth where they appear to be undergoing a phase locking with other time scales such as the annual cycle. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate an example of phase locking of two different time scales. In this instance it is shown that during such epochs of phase locking a large increase in nonlinear energy exchange occurs from one time scale to the other. This paper utilizes the ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) datasets for the year 2001 to examine this problem. This study is a sequel to a recent modeling study where the maintenance of the MJO time scale was examined from scale interactions, especially with synoptic-scale waves with ∼2–7 day periods. It was shown that a pair of waves on the synoptic time scale can satisfy certain selection rules and undergo triad interactions (kinetic energy to kinetic energy exchanges) and transfer energy. This present study illustrates the fact that during epochs of phase locking such nonlinear interactions can become very large, thus portraying the importance of phase locking. These explosive exchanges are shown from two perspectives: an approach based on kinetic energy exchanges in the frequency domain and another that invokes the boundary layer dynamics in the frequency domain.

scholarly journals Locally and Remotely Forced Subtropical AMOC Variability: A Matter of Time Scales

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 5155-5172
Author(s):  
Quentin Jamet ◽  
William K. Dewar ◽  
Nicolas Wienders ◽  
Bruno Deremble ◽  
Sally Close ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽  
Open Boundary ◽  
Overturning Circulation ◽  
Decadal Scale ◽  
Meridional Overturning

AbstractMechanisms driving the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variability at low frequency are of central interest for accurate climate predictions. Although the subpolar gyre region has been identified as a preferred place for generating climate time-scale signals, their southward propagation remains under consideration, complicating the interpretation of the observed time series provided by the Rapid Climate Change–Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array–Western Boundary Time Series (RAPID–MOCHA–WBTS) program. In this study, we aim at disentangling the respective contribution of the local atmospheric forcing from signals of remote origin for the subtropical low-frequency AMOC variability. We analyze for this a set of four ensembles of a regional (20°S–55°N), eddy-resolving (1/12°) North Atlantic oceanic configuration, where surface forcing and open boundary conditions are alternatively permuted from fully varying (realistic) to yearly repeating signals. Their analysis reveals the predominance of local, atmospherically forced signal at interannual time scales (2–10 years), whereas signals imposed by the boundaries are responsible for the decadal (10–30 years) part of the spectrum. Due to this marked time-scale separation, we show that, although the intergyre region exhibits peculiarities, most of the subtropical AMOC variability can be understood as a linear superposition of these two signals. Finally, we find that the decadal-scale, boundary-forced AMOC variability has both northern and southern origins, although the former dominates over the latter, including at the site of the RAPID array (26.5°N).

scholarly journals Equilibration dynamics in nuclear reactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 223 ◽  
pp. 01066
Author(s):  
A.S. Umar ◽  
C. Simenel ◽  
S. Ayik ◽  
K. Godbey
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Nuclear Reactions ◽  
Total Kinetic Energy ◽  
Equilibration Time

We discuss the equilibration dynamics and time–scales for various quantities that are connected to the experimentally observable entities. These include the study of mass, isospin, and total kinetic energy (TKE)equilibration time–scales as well as the time–scale for fluctuations.

Decadal–Multidecadal Variations of Asian Summer Rainfall from the Little Ice Age to the Present

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (22) ◽  
pp. 7663-7674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Shi ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Jian Liu ◽  
Fei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Uniform Structure ◽  
Maritime Continent ◽  
Remarkable Change ◽  
Decadal Time Scale ◽  
Asian Summer

Abstract Features of decadal–multidecadal variations of the Asian summer rainfall are revealed by analysis of the reconstructed Asian summer precipitation (RAP) dataset from 1470 to 2013. Significant low-frequency periodicities of the all-Asian rainfall (AAR) index (AARI) are found on decadal (8–10 yr), quasi-bidecadal (22 yr), and multidecadal (50–54 yr) time scales, as well as centennial time scales. The decadal and multidecadal peaks are mainly from the “monsoon Asia” area and the Maritime Continent, while the 22-yr peak is from the “arid Asia” area. A remarkable change of leading frequency from multidecadal to decadal after AD 1700 is detected across the entire Asian landmass. The leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes on the decadal and multidecadal time scales exhibit a uniform structure similar to that on the interannual time scale, suggesting a cross-time-scale, in-phase variation of the rainfall across continental Asia and the Maritime Continent. Enhanced AAR on a decadal time scale is found associated with the mega-La Niña sea surface temperature (SST) pattern over the Pacific. The AARI–mega-ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) relationship is persistently significant except from 1820 to around 1900. Enhanced decadal AAR is also found to be associated with extratropical North Atlantic warming. The AARI–AMO (Atlantic multidecadal oscillation) relationship, however, is nonstationary. On the multidecadal time scale, the AAR is significantly related to the AMO. Mechanisms associated with the decadal–multidecadal variability of AAR are also discussed.

scholarly journals Rainfall Variability at Decadal and Longer Time Scales: Signal or Noise?

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Meinke ◽  
Peter deVoil ◽  
Graeme L. Hammer ◽  
Scott Power ◽  
Robert Allan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Sea Level Pressure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Frequency Domains ◽  
North And South America

Abstract Rainfall variability occurs over a wide range of temporal scales. Knowledge and understanding of such variability can lead to improved risk management practices in agricultural and other industries. Analyses of temporal patterns in 100 yr of observed monthly global sea surface temperature and sea level pressure data show that the single most important cause of explainable, terrestrial rainfall variability resides within the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) frequency domain (2.5–8.0 yr), followed by a slightly weaker but highly significant decadal signal (9–13 yr), with some evidence of lesser but significant rainfall variability at interdecadal time scales (15–18 yr). Most of the rainfall variability significantly linked to frequencies lower than ENSO occurs in the Australasian region, with smaller effects in North and South America, central and southern Africa, and western Europe. While low-frequency (LF) signals at a decadal frequency are dominant, the variability evident was ENSO-like in all the frequency domains considered. The extent to which such LF variability is (i) predictable and (ii) either part of the overall ENSO variability or caused by independent processes remains an as yet unanswered question. Further progress can only be made through mechanistic studies using a variety of models.

scholarly journals Time Scales of Southern Ocean Eddy Equilibration

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 2785-2805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anirban Sinha ◽  
Ryan P. Abernathey
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Wind Stress ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Amplitude Response ◽  
Relative Conversion

AbstractStratification in the Southern Ocean is determined primarily by a competition between westerly wind-driven upwelling and baroclinic eddy transport. This study investigates the time scales of equilibration of the Southern Ocean in response to changing winds through an idealized channel model. An analytical framework describing the energetic pathways between wind input, available potential energy (APE), eddy kinetic energy (EKE), and dissipation provides a simple theory of the phase and amplitude response to oscillating wind stress. The transient ocean response to variable winds lies between the two limits of Ekman response (high frequency), characterized by the isopycnal slope responding directly to wind stress, and “eddy saturation” (low frequency), wherein a large fraction of the anomalous wind work goes into mesoscale eddies. The crossover time scale is the time scale of meridional eddy diffusive transport across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) front. For wind variability with a period of 3 months (high-frequency forcing), the relative conversion of wind work to APE/EKE is 11, while for a period of 16 years (low-frequency forcing), the relative conversion to APE/EKE reduces to 3. The system’s frequency response is characterized by a complex transfer function. Both the phase and amplitude response of EKE and APE predicted by the linear analytic framework are verified using multiple ensemble experiments in an eddy-resolving (4-km horizontal resolution) isopycnal coordinate model. The results from the numerical experiments show agreement with the linear theory and can be used to explain certain features observed in previous modeling studies and observations.

scholarly journals The Role of Ocean Dynamics in the Interaction between the Atlantic Meridional and Equatorial Modes

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 3583-3598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieshun Zhu ◽  
Bohua Huang ◽  
Zhaohua Wu
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Ocean Dynamics ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Tropical Atlantic ◽  
Equatorial Atlantic ◽  
Meridional Mode

Abstract This study examines a mechanism of the interaction between the tropical Atlantic meridional and equatorial modes. To derive robust heat content (HC) variability, the ensemble-mean HC anomalies (HCA) of six state-of-the-art global ocean reanalyses for 1979–2007 are analyzed. Compared with previous studies, characteristic oceanic processes are distinguished through their dominant time scales. Using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method, the HC fields are first decomposed into components with different time scales. The authors’ analysis shows that these components are associated with distinctive ocean dynamics. The high-frequency (first three) components can be characterized as the equatorial modes, whereas the low-frequency (the fifth and sixth) components are featured as the meridional modes. In between, the fourth component on the time scale of 3–4 yr demonstrates “mixed” characteristics of the meridional and equatorial modes because of an active transition from the predominant meridional to zonal structures on this time scale. Physically, this transition process is initiated by the discharge of the off-equatorial HCA, which is first accumulated as a part of the meridional mode, into the equatorial waveguide, which is triggered by the breakdown of the equilibrium between the cross-equatorial HC contrast and the overlying wind forcing, and results in a major heat transport through the equatorial waveguide into the southeastern tropical Atlantic. It is also shown that remote forcing from El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exerts important influence on the transition from the equatorial to meridional mode and may partly dictate its time scale of 3–4 yr. Therefore, the authors’ results demonstrate another mechanism of the equatorial Atlantic response to the ENSO forcing.

scholarly journals Climate Variability, Fish, and Fisheries

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (20) ◽  
pp. 5009-5030 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lehodey ◽  
J. Alheit ◽  
M. Barange ◽  
T. Baumgartner ◽  
G. Beaugrand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Fish Population ◽  
Marine Ecology ◽  
Fish Populations ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Close Link

Abstract Fish population variability and fisheries activities are closely linked to weather and climate dynamics. While weather at sea directly affects fishing, environmental variability determines the distribution, migration, and abundance of fish. Fishery science grew up during the last century by integrating knowledge from oceanography, fish biology, marine ecology, and fish population dynamics, largely focused on the great Northern Hemisphere fisheries. During this period, understanding and explaining interannual fish recruitment variability became a major focus for fisheries oceanographers. Yet, the close link between climate and fisheries is best illustrated by the effect of “unexpected” events—that is, nonseasonal, and sometimes catastrophic—on fish exploitation, such as those associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The observation that fish populations fluctuate at decadal time scales and show patterns of synchrony while being geographically separated drew attention to oceanographic processes driven by low-frequency signals, as reflected by indices tracking large-scale climate patterns such as the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). This low-frequency variability was first observed in catch fluctuations of small pelagic fish (anchovies and sardines), but similar effects soon emerged for larger fish such as salmon, various groundfish species, and some tuna species. Today, the availability of long time series of observations combined with major scientific advances in sampling and modeling the oceans’ ecosystems allows fisheries science to investigate processes generating variability in abundance, distribution, and dynamics of fish species at daily, decadal, and even centennial scales. These studies are central to the research program of Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics (GLOBEC). This review presents examples of relationships between climate variability and fisheries at these different time scales for species covering various marine ecosystems ranging from equatorial to subarctic regions. Some of the known mechanisms linking climate variability and exploited fish populations are described, as well as some leading hypotheses, and their implications for their management and for the modeling of their dynamics. It is concluded with recommendations for collaborative work between climatologists, oceanographers, and fisheries scientists to resolve some of the outstanding problems in the development of sustainable fisheries.

scholarly journals Two-way coupled stochastic model for dispersion of inertial particles in turbulence

2012 ◽  
Vol 700 ◽  
pp. 29-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhusudan G. Pai ◽  
Shankar Subramaniam
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Turbulent Kinetic Energy ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Stokes Number ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
Point Particle ◽  
Two Phase Flows ◽  
Two Phase

AbstractTurbulent two-phase flows are characterized by the presence of multiple time and length scales. Of particular interest in flows with non-negligible interphase momentum coupling are the time scales associated with interphase turbulent kinetic energy transfer (TKE) and inertial particle dispersion. Point-particle direct numerical simulations (DNS) of homogeneous turbulent flows laden with sub-Kolmogorov size particles report that the time scale associated with the interphase TKE transfer behaves differently with Stokes number than the time scale associated with particle dispersion. Here, the Stokes number is defined as the ratio of the particle momentum response time scale to the Kolmogorov time scale of turbulence. In this study, we propose a two-way coupled stochastic model (CSM), which is a system of two coupled Langevin equations for the fluctuating velocities in each phase. The basis for the model is the Eulerian–Eulerian probability density function formalism for two-phase flows that was established in Pai & Subramaniam (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 628, 2009, pp. 181–228). This new model possesses the unique capability ofsimultaneouslycapturing the disparate dependence of the time scales associated with interphase TKE transfer and particle dispersion on Stokes number. This is ascertained by comparing predicted trends of statistics of turbulent kinetic energy and particle dispersion in both phases from CSM, for varying Stokes number and mass loading, with point-particle DNS datasets of homogeneous particle-laden flows.

scholarly journals Inverse Cascades of Kinetic Energy as a Source of Intrinsic Variability: A Global OGCM Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1385-1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Sérazin ◽  
Thierry Penduff ◽  
Bernard Barnier ◽  
Jean-Marc Molines ◽  
Brian K. Arbic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Baroclinic Instability ◽  
Mesoscale Eddy ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Intrinsic Variability ◽  
Inverse Cascade ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractA seasonally forced 1/12° global ocean/sea ice simulation is used to characterize the spatiotemporal inverse cascade of kinetic energy (KE). Nonlinear scale interactions associated with relative vorticity advection are evaluated using cross-spectral analysis in the frequency–wavenumber domain from sea level anomaly (SLA) time series. This analysis is applied within four eddy-active midlatitude regions having large intrinsic variability spread over a wide range of scales. Over these four regions, mesoscale surface KE is shown to spontaneously cascade toward larger spatial scales—between the deformation scale and the Rhines scale—and longer time scales (possibly exceeding 10 years). Other nonlinear processes might have to be invoked to explain the longer time scales of intrinsic variability, which have a substantial surface imprint at midlatitudes. The analysis of a fully forced 1/12° hindcast shows that low-frequency and synoptic atmospheric forcing barely affects this inverse KE cascade. The inverse cascade is also at work in a 1/4° simulation, albeit with a weaker intensity, consistent with the weaker intrinsic variability found at this coarser resolution. In the midlatitude North Pacific, the spatiotemporal cascade transfers KE from high-frequency frontal Rossby waves (FRWs), probably generated by baroclinic instability, toward the lower-frequency, westward-propagating mesoscale eddy (WME) field. The WMEs provide local gradients of potential vorticity that support these short Doppler-shifted FRWs. FRWs have periods shorter than 2 months and might be subsampled by altimetric observations, perhaps explaining why the temporal inverse cascade deduced from high-resolution models and mapped altimeter products can be quite different. The nature of the nonlinear interactions between FRWs and WMEs remains unclear but might involve wave turbulence processes.

scholarly journals Dominant Time Scales of Potentially Predictable Precipitation Variations across the Continental United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (24) ◽  
pp. 8881-8897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce T. Anderson ◽  
Dan J. S. Gianotti ◽  
Guido Salvucci ◽  
Jason Furtado
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
Potential Predictability ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Event Occurrence

Abstract While low-frequency variations in precipitation amount, occurrence counts (hereafter “occurrence”), and intensity can take place on seasonal to multidecadal time scales, it is often unclear at which time scales these precipitation variations can be ascribed to potentially predictable, climate-induced changes versus simple, stochastic (i.e., random) precipitation event evolutions. This paper seeks to isolate the dominant time scales at which potentially predictable changes in observed precipitation characteristics occur over the continental United States and analyze sources of revealed potentially predictable precipitation variations for particular regions. The results highlight that at interannual time scales (here defined as those shorter than 7 years), the potential for predicting annual precipitation amounts tends to be higher than for annual event occurrence or intensity, with interannual potential predictability highest in both relatively dry and wet locations and lowest in transition regions. By contrast, at time scales greater than 7 years the potential for predicting annual event occurrence tends to be higher than amount or intensity, with >20-yr time scale potential predictability highest in relatively wet locations and lowest in relatively dry locations. To highlight the utility of this type of analysis, two robust signals are selected for further investigation, including 1) approximately 10-yr time scale variations in potentially predictable annual amounts over the northwestern United States and 2) 20–60-yr time scale variations in potentially predictable annual event occurrence over the southwestern United States. While mechanistic drivers for these observed variations are still being investigated, concurrent and precursor climate-state estimates in the atmosphere and ocean—principally over the Pacific sector—are provided, the monitoring of which may help realize the potential for predicting precipitation variations in these regions.

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