scholarly journals Interannual Variations of the Seasonal March in the Southern Hemisphere Stratosphere for 1979–2002 and Characterization of the Unprecedented Year 2002

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuko Hio ◽  
Shigeo Yoden
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Zonal Wind ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Large Deviation ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interannual Variations ◽  
Reanalysis Dataset ◽  
Seasonal March

Abstract Dynamical features of the interannual variations of the seasonal march in the Southern Hemisphere stratosphere are investigated with the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis dataset from 1979 to 2002, and the unprecedented year 2002, in which a major stratosphere sudden warming occurred, is characterized by comparing it with the other 23 yr. A multiple empirical orthogonal function analysis of the stratospheric mean zonal wind and a composite analysis based on the principal component of the leading mode show that the interannual variations are characterized by early or late deceleration of the polar-night jet, which is well correlated with the variation of a time-averaged upward Eliassen–Palm (EP) flux in the lower stratosphere. The stronger wave activity in the lower stratosphere is associated with the earlier “shift down” of the jet. The composite difference of the stratospheric mean zonal wind can be traced down to the lower troposphere in September and October. These features are consistent with the variations of the Southern Hemisphere annular mode, although the main disturbance to maintain the variations is different between the stratosphere and troposphere. Some scatter diagrams show the extreme situation of the year 2002. It is far from the cluster of the other 23 yr, but the large deviation in 2002 is consistent with the tendency of the fluctuations in the other years except for its extreme nature.

scholarly journals Attribution of recent ozone changes in the Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes using statistical analysis and chemistry–climate model simulations

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 10495-10513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Zeng ◽  
Olaf Morgenstern ◽  
Hisako Shiona ◽  
Alan J. Thomas ◽  
Richard R. Querel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Tropopause Height ◽  
Significant Positive Trend ◽  
Tropopause Region

Abstract. Ozone (O3) trends and variability from a 28-year (1987–2014) ozonesonde record at Lauder, New Zealand, have been analysed and interpreted using a statistical model and a global chemistry–climate model (CCM). Lauder is a clean rural measurement site often representative of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) mid-latitude background atmosphere. O3 trends over this period at this location are characterised by a significant positive trend below 6 km, a significant negative trend in the tropopause region and the lower stratosphere between 9 and 15 km, and no significant trend in the free troposphere (6–9 km) and the stratosphere above 15 km. We find that significant positive trends in lower tropospheric ozone are correlated with increasing temperature and decreasing relative humidity at the surface over this period, whereas significant negative trends in the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere appear to be strongly linked to an upward trend of the tropopause height. Relative humidity and the tropopause height also dominate O3 variability at Lauder in the lower troposphere and the tropopause region, respectively. We perform an attribution of these trends to anthropogenic forcings including O3 precursors, greenhouse gases (GHGs), and O3-depleting substances (ODSs), using CCM simulations. Results indicate that changes in anthropogenic O3 precursors contribute significantly to stratospheric O3 reduction, changes in ODSs contribute significantly to tropospheric O3 reduction, and increased GHGs contribute significantly to stratospheric O3 increases at Lauder. Methane (CH4) likely contributes positively to O3 trends in both the troposphere and the stratosphere, but the contribution is not significant at the 95 % confidence level over this period. An extended analysis of CCM results covering 1960–2010 (i.e. starting well before the observations) reveals significant contributions from all forcings to O3 trends at Lauder – i.e. increases in GHGs and the increase in CH4 alone all contribute significantly to O3 increases, net increases in ODSs lead to O3 reduction, and increases in non-methane O3 precursors cause O3 increases in the troposphere and reductions in the stratosphere. This study suggests that a long-term ozonesonde record obtained at a SH mid-latitude background site (corroborated by a surface O3 record at a nearby SH mid-latitude site, Baring Head, which also shows a significant positive trend) is a useful indicator for detecting atmospheric composition and climate change associated with human activities.

scholarly journals Attribution of recent ozone changes in the Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes using statistical analysis and chemistry-climate model simulations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Zeng ◽  
Olaf Morgenstern ◽  
Hisako Shiona ◽  
Alan J. Thomas ◽  
Richard R. Querel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Tropopause Height ◽  
Significant Positive Trend ◽  
Tropopause Region

Abstract. Ozone (O3) trends and variability from a 28-year (1987–2014) ozonesonde record at Lauder, New Zealand, have been analysed and interpreted using a statistical model and a global chemistry-climate model (CCM). Lauder is a clean rural measurement site often representative of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) mid-latitude background atmosphere. O3 trends over this period at this location are characterised by a significant positive trend below 6 km, a significant negative trend in the tropopause region and the lower stratosphere between 9 to 15 km, and no significant trend in the free troposphere (6–9 km) and the stratosphere above 15 km. We find that significant positive trends in lower tropospheric ozone are correlated with increasing temperature and decreasing relative humidity at the surface over this period, whereas significant negative trends in the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere appear to be strongly linked to an upward trend of the tropopause height, associated with increasing greenhouse gases. Relative humidity and the tropopause height also dominate O3 variability at Lauder in the lower troposphere and the tropopause region, respectively. We perform an attribution of these trends to anthropogenic forcings including O3 precursors, greenhouse gases (GHGs), and O3 depleting substances (ODSs), using CCM simulations. Results indicate that changes in anthropogenic O3 precursors contribute significantly to stratospheric O3 reduction, changes in ODSs contribute significantly to tropospheric O3 reduction, and increased GHGs contribute significantly to stratospheric O3 increases at Lauder. Methane (CH4) likely contributes positively to O3 trends in both the troposphere and the stratosphere, but the contribution is not significant at the 95 % confidence level over this period. An extended analysis of CCM results covering 1960–2010 (i.e. starting well before the observations) reveals significant contributions from all forcings to O3 trends at Lauder, i.e., increases of GHGs and the increase of CH4 alone all contribute significantly to O3 increases, net increases of ODSs lead to O3 reduction, and increases of non-methane O3 precursors cause O3 increases in the troposphere and reductions in the stratosphere. This study suggests that a long-term ozonesonde record obtained at a SH mid-latitude background site (corroborated by a surface O3 record at a nearby SH mid-latitude site, Baring Head, which also shows a significant positive trend) is a useful indicator for detecting atmospheric composition and climate change associated with human activities.

scholarly journals Seasonal and interannual variations of HCN amounts in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere observed by MIPAS

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 8997-9040
Author(s):  
N. Glatthor ◽  
M. Höpfner ◽  
G. P. Stiller ◽  
T. von Clarmann ◽  
B. Funke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Asian Monsoon ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Tape Recorder ◽  
Positive Anomaly ◽  
Interannual Variations ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Upper Troposphere

Abstract. A global HCN dataset covering nearly the complete period June 2002 to April 2012 has been derived from FTIR limb emission spectra measured with the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on the ENVISAT satellite. HCN is an almost unambiguous tracer of biomass burning with a tropospheric lifetime of 5–6 months and a stratospheric lifetime of about two years. We present a MIPAS HCN climatology with the main focus on biomass burning signatures in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. HCN observed by MIPAS in the southern tropical and subtropical upper troposphere has an annual cycle peaking in October–November during or shortly after the maximum of the southern hemispheric biomass burning season. Within 1–2 months after the burning season, a considerable portion of the enhanced HCN is transported southward to Antarctic latitudes. The fundamental period in the northern upper troposphere is also an annual cycle, which in the tropics peaks in May after the biomass burning seasons in northern tropical Africa and South Asia, and in the subtropics in July due to trapping of pollutants in the Asian monsoon anticyclone. However, caused by extensive biomass burning in Indonesia and Northern Africa together with northward transport of parts of the southern hemispheric plume, in several years HCN maxima are also found around October/November, which leads to semi-annual cycles in the northern tropics and subtropics. Because of overlap of interannually varying burning activities in different source regions, both southern and northern low-latitude maxima have considerable interannual variations. There is also a temporal shift between enhanced HCN in northern low and mid-to-high latitudes, indicating northward transport of pollutants. Due to additional biomass burning at mid and high latitudes this meridional transport pattern is not as clear as in the Southern Hemisphere. Presumably caused by ocean uptake, upper tropospheric HCN above the tropical oceans decreases to below 200 pptv especially during boreal winter and spring. HCN time series at 10 km altitude indicate a negative trend, which is more distinct in the northern (−1.3 to −2.1% yr−1) than in the Southern Hemisphere (−0.1 to −0.7% yr−1). The tropical stratospheric tape recorder signal with an apparently biennial period, which has been detected in MLS and ACE-FTS data from mid-2004 to mid-2007, is corroborated by MIPAS HCN data. The tape recorder signal in the whole MIPAS dataset exhibits periodicities of 2 and 4 yr, generated by interannual variations in biomass burning. The strongest positive anomaly in the year 2007 is caused by superposition of enhanced HCN from southern hemispheric and Indonesian biomass burning at the end of the year 2006 and from African sources in spring and the Asian monsoon during summer. The vertical transport time of the anomalies is 1 month or less between 14 and 17 km in the upper troposphere and about 9 months between 17 and 25 km in the lower stratosphere.

Meso β-Scale Thunderstorm/Environment Interactions During AVE-SESAME V (20–21 May 1979)

1983 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 1144-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry E. Fuelberg ◽  
Matthew F. Printy
Keyword(s):  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atmospheric Variability ◽  
Feedback Mechanisms ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Severe Thunderstorms ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Rawinsonde Data

Meso β-scale rawinsonde data from the Atmospheric Variability Experiment-Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment (AVE-SESAME) V period (20–21 May 1979) are used to diagnose atmospheric variability in the environment of a convective area. As the storms developed, temperatures increased in the upper stratosphere; however, cooling was observed nearer to the surface and in the lower stratosphere. Height rises above 400 mb produced a mesohigh over the convective area that was most pronounced near 200 mb. Weaker height falls occurred in the lower troposphere. Wind patterns underwent especially interesting fluctuations. North of the convective area, upper-level winds increased significantly during storm development. Southeast of the convection, however, winds near 200 mb decreased approximately 50% during a 3 h period coinciding with the most active storms. On the other hand, winds at 400 mb almost doubled during the same 3 h period. Strong low-level convergence, upper-level divergence, and ascending motion developed after storm initiation. Much more detailed study is required to understand this fascinating case. However, many of the current findings about the meso β-scale storm environment are consistent with those previously attributed to feedback mechanisms from severe thunderstorms.

scholarly journals Interannual Variability and Trends in Sea Surface Temperature, Lower and Middle Atmosphere Temperature at Different Latitudes for 1980–2019

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 454
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Jakovlev ◽  
Sergei P. Smyshlyaev ◽  
Vener Y. Galin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Impact

The influence of sea-surface temperature (SST) on the lower troposphere and lower stratosphere temperature in the tropical, middle, and polar latitudes is studied for 1980–2019 based on the MERRA2, ERA5, and Met Office reanalysis data, and numerical modeling with a chemistry-climate model (CCM) of the lower and middle atmosphere. The variability of SST is analyzed according to Met Office and ERA5 data, while the variability of atmospheric temperature is investigated according to MERRA2 and ERA5 data. Analysis of sea surface temperature trends based on reanalysis data revealed that a significant positive SST trend of about 0.1 degrees per decade is observed over the globe. In the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the trend (about 0.2 degrees per decade) is 2 times higher than the global average, and 5 times higher than in the Southern Hemisphere (about 0.04 degrees per decade). At polar latitudes, opposite SST trends are observed in the Arctic (positive) and Antarctic (negative). The impact of the El Niño Southern Oscillation phenomenon on the temperature of the lower and middle atmosphere in the middle and polar latitudes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres is discussed. To assess the relative influence of SST, CO2, and other greenhouse gases’ variability on the temperature of the lower troposphere and lower stratosphere, numerical calculations with a CCM were performed for several scenarios of accounting for the SST and carbon dioxide variability. The results of numerical experiments with a CCM demonstrated that the influence of SST prevails in the troposphere, while for the stratosphere, an increase in the CO2 content plays the most important role.

scholarly journals Effects of the Tibetan High and the North Pacific High on the Occurrence of Hot or Cool Summers in Japan

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Makoto Inoue ◽  
Atsushi Ugajin ◽  
Osamu Kiguchi ◽  
Yousuke Yamashita ◽  
Masashi Komine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
The Other ◽  
Summer Climate ◽  
The North ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Western Japan ◽  
Cool Summer ◽  
The North Pacific

In this study, we investigated the effects of the Tibetan High near the tropopause and the North Pacific High in the troposphere on occurrences of hot or cool summers in Japan. We first classified Japan into six regions and identified hot and cool summer years in these regions from a 38-year sample (1980–2017) based on the monthly air temperature. To investigate the features of circulation fields over Asia during hot and cool summers in Japan, we calculated the composite differences (hot summer years minus cool summer years) of several variables such as geopotential height, which indicated significant high-pressure anomalies in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. These results suggest that both the North Pacific and the Tibetan Highs tend to extend to Japan during hot summer years, while cool summers seem to be associated with the weakening of these highs. We found that extension of the Tibetan High to the Japanese mainland can lead to hot summers in Northern, Eastern, and Western Japan. On the other hand, hot summers in the Southwestern Islands may be due to extension of the Tibetan High to the south. Similarly, the latitudinal direction of extension of the North Pacific High is profoundly connected with the summer climate in respective regions.

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