Taking China's Temperature: Daily Range, Warming Trends, and Regional Variations, 1955–2000

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 4453-4462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binhui Liu ◽  
Ming Xu ◽  
Mark Henderson ◽  
Ye Qi ◽  
Yiqing Li
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

Abstract In analyzing daily climate data from 305 weather stations in China for the period from 1955 to 2000, the authors found that surface air temperatures are increasing with an accelerating trend after 1990. They also found that the daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) air temperature increased at a rate of 1.27° and 3.23°C (100 yr)−1 between 1955 and 2000. Both temperature trends were faster than those reported for the Northern Hemisphere, where Tmax and Tmin increased by 0.87° and 1.84°C (100 yr)−1 between 1950 and 1993. The daily temperature range (DTR) decreased rapidly by −2.5°C (100 yr)−1 from 1960 to 1990; during that time, minimum temperature increased while maximum temperature decreased slightly. Since 1990, the decline in DTR has halted because Tmax and Tmin increased at a similar pace during the 1990s. Increased minimum and maximum temperatures were most pronounced in northeast China and were lowest in the southwest. Cloud cover and precipitation correlated poorly with the decreasing temperature range. It is argued that a decline in solar irradiance better explains the decreasing range of daily temperatures through its influence on maximum temperature. With declining solar irradiance even on clear days, and with decreases in cloud cover, it is posited that atmospheric aerosols may be contributing to the changing solar irradiance and trends of daily temperatures observed in China.

The increasing of maximum lake water temperature in lowland lakes of central Europe: case study of the Polish Lakeland

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Ptak ◽  
Mariusz Sojka ◽  
Michał Kozłowski
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Maximum Water Temperature ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

The paper presents the results of time-related changes in maximum temperatures in lakes. The analysis was carried out on the basis of 9 lakes located in the northern part of Poland. The analysis was based on daily water and air temperatures in the period 1971–2015. Mann–Kendall's and Sen's tests were applied to determine the directions and rates of change of maximum air and water temperatures. The average increase of maximum water temperature in analysed lakes was found to be 0.39 °C dec–1, while the warming trend of the maximum air temperature was 0.48 °C dec–1. Cluster analysis (CA) was used to group lakes characterised by similar changes of maximum water temperature. The first group included five lakes in which the values of the maximum temperature trends were 0.41 °C dec–1. In the second cluster the average value of maximum water temperature increase was smaller than in the first cluster (0.36 °C dec–1). Comparing the results of cluster analysis with morphometric data show that in the first cluster lakes are having a greater average depth, maximum depth and water transparency in comparison to the lakes of the second cluster.

scholarly journals Changes in Cloud Cover, Precipitation, and Summer Temperature in North America from 1982 to 2009

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1733-1744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuhong Tang ◽  
Guoyong Leng
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Local Factor ◽  
Middle Latitudes ◽  
Temperature Trends

Abstract In North America (NA), trends in summer surface air temperatures vary on decadal time scales, and some regions have temperature trends that exhibit a lack of warming in 1982–2009. From a surface energy balance perspective, the summer mean daily maximum temperature change can be affected by changes in solar heating that are associated with cloud cover change and changes in surface evaporative cooling caused by different precipitation and land surface wetness, but little is known about regional cloud cover and precipitation feedbacks to decadal temperature trends. Changes in cloudiness and precipitation and their connections with summer mean daily maximum temperature variations in NA were investigated using observation-based products of temperature and precipitation and satellite-derived cloud cover and radiation products. Results show that summer mean daily maximum temperature variance is largely explained by changes in cloud cover and precipitation. Cloud cover effect dominates at the high and middle latitudes of NA, and precipitation is a more dominant factor in the southern United States. The results indicate that cloud cover is either the major indicator of the summer mean daily maximum temperature changes (the effect) or the important local factor influencing the changes (the cause). Cloud cover is negatively correlated with mean daily maximum temperature variation in spring and autumn at the middle latitudes of NA but not at the high latitudes.

A new empirical model of sub-daily rainfall intensity and its application in a rangeland biophysical model

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Fraser ◽  
J. O. Carter ◽  
G. M. McKeon ◽  
K. A. Day
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Model ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Validation Dataset ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Biophysical Models

Sub-daily rainfall intensity has a significant impact on runoff and erosion rates in northern Australian rangelands. However, it has been difficult to include sub-daily rainfall intensity in rangeland biophysical models using historical climate data due to the limited number of pluviograph stations with long-term records. In this paper a new empirical model (‘Temperature I15’ model) was developed to predict the daily maximum 15-min rainfall intensity (I15) using daily minimum and maximum temperature and daily rainfall totals from 12 selected pluviograph stations across Australia. The ‘Temperature I15’ model accounted for 46% (P < 0.01) of the variation in observed daily I15 for an independent validation dataset derived from 67 Australia-wide pluviograph stations and represented both geographical and seasonal variability in I15. The model also accounted for 70% (P < 0.01) of the variation in the observed historical trend in I15 for the full record period (average record period was 37 years) of 73 Australia-wide pluviograph stations. The ‘Temperature I15’ model was found to be an improvement on a past empirical model of I15 and can be easily implemented in biophysical models by using readily available daily climate data. However, as the ‘Temperature I15’ model only represented 46% of the variation in daily observed I15, the model is best used in simulation studies on ‘timeframes’ in excess of 5 years. The new ‘Temperature I15’ model was implemented in the runoff equation of the Australia-wide spatial pasture growth model AussieGRASS, which predicts daily water balance and pasture growth for 185 different pasture communities. This resulted in an improved simulation of green cover for 71% of pasture communities but was worse for 25% of communities, with no change for 4% of communities.

scholarly journals Does an August Singularity Exist in the Northern Rockies of the United States?

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1845-1850
Author(s):  
Peter T. Soulé ◽  
Paul A. Knapp
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Northern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Temperature Anomalies ◽  
Northern Rockies ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Time Of Year

Abstract Climatic singularities offer a degree of orderliness to notable meteorological events that are typically characterized by significant temporal variability. Significant deviations from normal daily maximum temperatures that occur following the passage of a strong midlatitude cyclone in mid- to late August in the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States are recognized in the local culture as the “August Singularity.” Daily standardized maximum temperature anomalies for August–October were examined for eight climate stations in Montana and Idaho as indicators of major midlatitude storms. The data indicate that a single-day negative maximum temperature singularity exists for 13 August. Further, a 3-day singularity event exists for 24–26 August. It is concluded that the concept of an August Singularity in the northern Rockies is valid, because the high frequency of recorded negative maximum temperature anomalies suggests that there are specific time intervals during late summer that are more likely to experience a major midlatitude storm. The principal benefit to society for the August Singularity is that the reduced temperatures help in the efforts to control wildfires that are common this time of year in the northern Rockies.

scholarly journals U.S. Diurnal Temperature Range Variability and Regional Causal Mechanisms, 1901–2002

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (20) ◽  
pp. 7216-7231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan G. Lauritsen ◽  
Jeffrey C. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Diurnal Temperature Range ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Climatic Research Unit ◽  
Diurnal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Cover Soil

Abstract Long-term (1901–2002) diurnal temperature range (DTR) data are evaluated to examine their spatial and temporal variability across the United States; the early century origin of the DTR declines; and the relative regional contributions to DTR variability among cloud cover, precipitation, soil moisture, and atmosphere/ocean teleconnections. Rotated principal component analysis (RPCA) of the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Time Series (TS) 2.1 dataset identifies five regions of unique spatial U.S. DTR variability. RPCA creates regional orthogonal indices of cloud cover, soil moisture, precipitation, and the teleconnections used subsequently in stepwise multiple linear regression to examine their regional impact on DTR, maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin). The southwestern United States has the smallest DTR and cloud cover trends as both Tmax and Tmin increase over the century. The Tmin increases are the primary influence on DTR trend in other regions, except in the south-central United States, where downward Tmax trend largely affects its DTR decline. The Tmax and DTR tend to both exhibit simultaneous decadal variations during unusually wet and dry periods in response to cloud cover, soil moisture, and precipitation variability. The widely reported post-1950 DTR decline began regionally at various times ranging from around 1910 to the 1950s. Cloud cover alone accounts for up to 63.2% of regional annual DTR variability, with cloud cover trends driving DTR in northern states. Cloud cover, soil moisture, precipitation, and atmospheric/oceanic teleconnection indices account for up to 80.0% of regional variance over 1901–2002 (75.4% in detrended data), although the latter only account for small portions of this variability.

scholarly journals Calibration of Methods to Estimate Solar Irradiance in Northeastern Pará

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-355
Author(s):  
João Vitor de Nóvoa Pinto ◽  
Hildo Giuseppe Garcia Caldas Nunes ◽  
Daniely Florencia Silva de Souza ◽  
Deborah Luciany Pires Costa ◽  
Paulo Jorge de Oliveira Ponte de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Performance Index ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Average Performance ◽  
Daily Minimum ◽  
Air Temperatures

Abstract Two models aimed to estimate solar irradiance were calibrated in six locations in Northeastern Pará (Belém, Cametá, Conceição do Araguaia, Marabá, Soure, and Tucuruí). The first one is the equation of Angström-Prescott (AP), which requires observations of sunshine duration hours. The second model is a modified version of Hargreaves' radiation formula (MH), which requires observations of daily maximum and daily minimum air temperatures. Both models were calibrated to estimate daily and monthly solar radiation. The calibration of both equations for each season (i.e., dry season and wet season) in each location was also tested. AP has an average performance about 74% higher than MH for daily estimates (excluding Soure) and 83% higher than MH for monthly estimates (excluding Soure and Tucuruí). The use of seasonally calibrated equations slightly improves the performance of AP, measured by the performance index, by 0.68% and improves the performance of MH in most locations, when estimating daily solar radiation. The performance of both models is much higher when estimating monthly solar radiation than daily solar radiation, with an increase of the performance index of 10.95% for AP.

scholarly journals El polen de Poaceae en la atmósfera de Lugo y su relación con los parámetros meteorológicos (1999-2001).

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Javier Rodríguez-Rajo ◽  
M. Victoria Jato ◽  
M. Jesús Aira
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Season ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Main Pollen Season ◽  
Pollen Concentrations ◽  
Poaceae Pollen ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
The City

RESUMEN. El polen de Poaceae en la atmósfera de Lugo y su relación con los parámetros meteorológicos (1999-2001). Se han estudiado las concentraciones de polen de Poaceae presente en la atmósfera de la ciudad de Lugo durante 3 años (1999-2001). Para ello se ha utilizado un captador volumétrico tipo Hirst, modelo Lanzoni VPPS-2000. El polen de Poaceae es el más abundante y su porcentaje frente al total de polen anual es de un 38-40%. La cantidad total de polen anual es de 8.400 granos como resultado de la media de los tres años de estudio, con un período de polinización durante los meses de Junio y Julio. A lo largo del día los máximos de concentración tienen lugar durante la tarde. Se ha realizado un análisis de correlación con los principales parámetros meteorológicos, siendo la temperatura máxima la variable que presentó el coeficiente más elevado. La suma acumulada de la temperatura máxima y la regresión múltiple integrando la temperatura máxima y las concentraciones de polen del día anterior como estimadores, resultaron métodos válidos y complementarios para realizar la predicción del inicio del periodo de polinización y de las concentraciones medias diarias que se alcanzan durante el periodo de polinización principal respectivamente.Palabras clave. Polen, Lugo, Meteorología, Predicción, lntradiario, Poaceae.ABSTRACT. The Poaceae pollen in the atmosphere of Lugo and its relationship with meteorological parameters ( 1999-2001). The pollen concentrations of Poaceae in the atmosphere of the city of Lugo has been studied during 3 years (1999-2001). A volumetric sampler type Hirst, model Lanzoni VPPS-2000 has been used. The Poaceae pollen is the most abundant and its percentage with respect to the total annual pollen ranged from 38-40 %. The annual total quantity of pollen of Poaceae were 8.400 grains as average of the three years studied, with a period of pollination during the months of June and July. The daily maximum concentrations take place during the evening. An analysis of correlation has been carried out between pollen concentrations and the main meteorological parameters, the maximum temperature being the variable that presented the highest coefficient value. The sum of maximum temperatures and the multiple regression integrating maximum temperature and pollen concentrations of the previous day as predictors, were successful and complementary methods in order to predict the beginning of the pollination period and the daily mean concentrations reached during the main pollen season respectively.Key words. Pollen, Lugo, Meteorology, Prediction, Intradiurnal, Poaceae.

scholarly journals Analyses of the Zagreb Grič observatory air temperatures indices for the period 1881 to 2017

2018 ◽  
pp. 67-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ognjen Bonacci ◽  
Tanja Roje Bonacci
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Partial Sums ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

The paper studies time series of characteristic (minimum, mean, and maximum) daily, monthly, and yearly air temperatures measured at the Zagreb Grič Observatory in the period from 1 Jan. 1881 to 31 Dec. 2017. The following five air temperatures indices (ATI) are analysed: (1) absolute minimum yearly, monthly, and daily; (2) mean yearly, monthly, and daily minimum; (3) average mean yearly, monthly, and daily; (4) mean yearly, monthly, and daily maximum; (5) absolute maximum yearly, monthly, and daily. Methods of Rescaled Adjusted Partial Sums (RAPS), regression and correlation analyses, F-tests, and t-tests are used in order to describe changes in air temperature regimes over 137 years. Using the RAPS method the five analysed yearly ATI time series durations of 137 years were divided into two sub-periods. The analyses made in this paper showed that warming of minimum air temperatures started in 1970, mean air temperatures in 1988, and maximum air temperatures in 1998. Results of t-tests show an extreme statistically significant jump in the average air-temperature values in the second (recent time) sub-periods. Results of the t-tests of monthly temperatures show statistically significant differences between practically all five pairs (except in two cases) of analysed monthly ATI subseries for the period from January to August. From September to December the differences for most of pairs (except in six cases) of the analysed monthly ATI subseries are not statistically significant. It can be concluded that the urban heat island influenced the increase in recent temperatures more strongly than global warming. It seems that urbanisation firstly and chiefly influenced the minimum temperatures, as well as that Zagreb’s urbanisation had a bigger impact on minimum temperatures than on maximums. Increasing trend in time series of maximum temperatures started 20 years later.

scholarly journals MJO teleconnections to crop growing seasons

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 2203-2219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weston Anderson ◽  
Ángel G. Muñoz ◽  
Lisa Goddard ◽  
Walter Baethgen ◽  
Xandre Chourio
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Daily Precipitation ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Summer Hemisphere ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
The Tropics

AbstractWhile many Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) teleconnections are well documented, the significance of these teleconnections to agriculture is not well understood. Here we analyze how the MJO affects the climate during crop flowering seasons, when crops are particularly vulnerable to abiotic stress. Because the MJO is located in the tropics of the summer hemisphere and maize is a tropical, summer-grown crop, the MJO teleconnections to maize flowering seasons are stronger and more coherent than those to wheat, which tends to be grown in midlatitudes and flowers during the spring. The MJO significantly affects not only daily average precipitation and soil moisture, but also the probability of extreme precipitation, soil moisture and maximum temperatures during crop flowering seasons. The average influence on the probability of extreme daily precipitation, soil moisture, and maximum temperature events is roughly equal. On average the MJO modifies the probability of a 5th or 95th, 10th or 90th, and 25th or 75th percentile event by $$\sim $$∼ 2.5%, $$\sim $$∼ 4% and $$\sim $$∼ 7%, respectively. This means that an exceptionally dry (10th percentile) soil moisture value, for example, would become $$\sim $$∼ 40% more common (happening 14% of the time) during certain MJO phases. That the MJO can simultaneously dry soils and raise maximum air temperatures may be particularly damaging to crops because without available soil water during times of heat stress, plants are unable to transpire to cool leaf-level temperatures as a means of avoiding long-term damage. As a result, even though teleconnections from the MJO last only a few days to a week, they likely affect crop growth.

Extreme temperatures analysis: A study for Campinas, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Correia ◽  
Ana Maria Ávila
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
P Value ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Historical Series ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

&lt;p&gt;Extreme events such as heat waves have adverse effects on human health, especially on vulnerable groups, which can lead to deaths, thus they must be faced as a huge threat. Many studies show general mean temperature increase, notably, minimum temperatures. The scope of this work was to assess daily data of a historical series (1890-2018) available on the Instituto Agron&amp;#244;mico de Campinas (IAC), in Campinas, using a suite of indices derived from daily temperature and formulated by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) and evaluate trends. To compute the extreme indices RClimDex 1.1 was used. The significance test is based on a t &amp;#160;test, with a significance level of 95% (p-value&lt;0,05). Temperature increase is undoubtedly through many indices, especially from 1980, as there is a continuous rise of the temperature. Annual mean maximum temperature rose from 26&amp;#176;C to 29&amp;#176;C, whereas many years consistently have more than 50 days with maximum temperatures as high as 31&amp;#176;C and more than 20% of the days within a year are beyond the 90th percentile of the daily maximum temperatures. Annual mean minimum temperature rose from 14&amp;#176;C to 18&amp;#176;C, whereas many years consistently have more than 150 days with minimum temperatures as high as 18&amp;#176;C and more than 30% of the days within a year are beyond the 90th percentile of the daily minimum temperatures. Therefore, results indicate the increase of minimum temperature is greater than the increase of maximum temperatures.&lt;/p&gt;

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