Evaluation of Two Land Surface Schemes Used in Terrains of Increasing Aridity in West Africa

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Schüttemeyer ◽  
A. F. Moene ◽  
A. A. M. Holtslag ◽  
H. A. R. de Bruin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Canopy Conductance ◽  
Net Radiation

Abstract In this study different parameterizations for land surface models currently employed in meteorological models at ECMWF [Tiled ECMWF Surface Scheme for Exchange Processes over Land (TESSEL)] and NCEP (Noah) are evaluated for a semiarid region in Ghana, West Africa. Both schemes utilize the Jarvis–Stewart approach to calculate canopy conductance as the critical variable for partitioning the available energy into sensible and latent heat flux. Additionally, an approach within Noah is tested to calculate canopy conductance based on plant physiology (A-gs method), where the photosynthetic assimilation is coupled to the leaf stomatal conductance. All parameterizations were run offline for a seasonal cycle in 2002/03 using observations as forcings at two test sites. The two locations are in the humid tropical southern region and in the drier northern region. For the purpose of forcing and evaluation, a new set of data has been utilized to include surface fluxes obtained by scintillometry. The measurements include the rapid wet-to-dry transition after the wet season at both sites. As a general trend, it has been found that during the wet period of a season net radiation is described well by all parameterizations. During the drying process the errors in modeled net radiation increased at both sites. The models perform poorly in simulating soil heat fluxes with larger errors for TESSEL for both sites. The evolution in time for sensible heat flux and latent heat flux was tackled in different ways by the utilized parameterizations and sites with enhanced model performance for the more southern site. Soil moisture in the upper soil layers is modeled with small errors for the different parameterizations. Key adjustments for reducing net radiation during the dry period of a season are discussed. In particular, the ratio of roughness length of momentum and heat was found to be an important parameter, but will require seasonal adjustments.

The Effect of Soil on the Summertime Surface Energy Budget of a Humid Subarctic Tundra in Northern Quebec, Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 2547-2564
Author(s):  
Georg Lackner ◽  
Daniel F. Nadeau ◽  
Florent Domine ◽  
Annie-Claude Parent ◽  
Gonzalo Leonardini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Turbulent Heat ◽  
Turbulent Heat Fluxes

AbstractRising temperatures in the southern Arctic region are leading to shrub expansion and permafrost degradation. The objective of this study is to analyze the surface energy budget (SEB) of a subarctic shrub tundra site that is subject to these changes, on the east coast of Hudson Bay in eastern Canada. We focus on the turbulent heat fluxes, as they have been poorly quantified in this region. This study is based on data collected by a flux tower using the eddy covariance approach and focused on snow-free periods. Furthermore, we compare our results with those from six Fluxnet sites in the Arctic region and analyze the performance of two land surface models, SVS and ISBA, in simulating soil moisture and turbulent heat fluxes. We found that 23% of the net radiation was converted into latent heat flux at our site, 35% was used for sensible heat flux, and about 15% for ground heat flux. These results were surprising considering our site was by far the wettest site among those studied, and most of the net radiation at the other Arctic sites was consumed by the latent heat flux. We attribute this behavior to the high hydraulic conductivity of the soil (littoral and intertidal sediments), typical of what is found in the coastal regions of the eastern Canadian Arctic. Land surface models overestimated the surface water content of those soils but were able to accurately simulate the turbulent heat flux, particularly the sensible heat flux and, to a lesser extent, the latent heat flux.

Characteristics of Long-term Surface Heat Source and Its Climate Influence Factors in Central Tibetan Plateau

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeyong Hu ◽  
Xiaoqiang Yan
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Source ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Maximum Value

<p>Based on multi-level AWS data during 2001 to 2015 and eddy covariance data during 2011 to 2014 at Nagqu Station of Plateau Climate and Environment, the turbulent fluxes were calculated by a surface energy balance combination (CM) and eddy covariance ( EC) method. A long-term heat fluxes and surface heat source were obtained with comparison and correction of EC and CM fluxes. The surface energy closure ratio is close to 1 in spring, summer and autumn. But it reaches to 1.34 in winter due to low net radiation observation value on snow surface. The sensible heat flux shows a ascend trend while latent heat flux shows a descend trend during 2002 to 2015. The surface heat source shows a descend trend. The analysis of the surface heat source indicates that it has a significant relationship with net radiation flux, surface temperature, soil moisture and wind speed. Particularly, the surface heat source has a significant response to net radiation flux throughout the year. There are obvious influences of surface temperature and soil moisture on the surface heat source in spring, autumn and winter. And the influence of wind speeds on surface heat source is strong only in spring. The annual variation of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux are obvious. Sensible heat flux reaches the maximum value of the year in April and the minimum value in July. however, latent heat flux shows the maximum value in July and the minimum value in January. </p>

scholarly journals Diurnal Energy Balance in a Mango Orchard in the Northeast of Pará, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Jorge de Oliveira Ponte de Souza ◽  
Juliana Chagas Rodrigues ◽  
Adriano Marlisom Leão de Sousa ◽  
Everaldo Barreiros de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Available Energy

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the diurnal energy balance during the reproductive stage of two growing seasons of a mango orchard in the northeast of Pará, Brazil. Therefore, a micrometeorological tower was installed and instrumented, in the center of the experimental area, to monitor meteorological variables, besides the phenological evaluation of the mango orchard, which was carried out during growing seasons of 2010-2011 (October 2010 to January 2011) and of 2011-2012 (September 2011 to January 2012). The energy balance was obtained by the bowen ration technique, and the available energy partitioned into heat flux to the ground, sensible heat and latent heat. The amount of rainfall was crucial to the partition of the net radiation in the energy balance components. It provided the variation in the consumption of available energy between 69% and 78% as latent heat flux, and between 23% and 32% as sensible heat flux. The heat flux to the ground was small, representing less than 1% of the net radiation, showing that the mango orchard exhibits good soil cover preventing large variations in soil heating.

scholarly journals Evaluation of functional properties of various types of vegetation cover using remotely sensed data analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (Special Issue 2) ◽  
pp. S49-S58 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Brom ◽  
J. Procházka ◽  
A. Rejšková
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Mean Values

The dissipation of solar energy and consequently the formation of the hydrological cycle are largely dependent on the structural and optical characteristics of the land surface. In our study, we selected seven units with different types of vegetation in the Mlýnský and Horský catchments (South-Eastern part of the Šumava Mountains, Czech Republic) for the assessment of the differences in their functioning expressed through the surface temperature, humidity, and energy dissipation. For our analyses, we used Landsat 5 TM satellite data from June 25<SUP>th</SUP>, 2008. The results showed that the microclimatic characteristics and energy fluxes varied in different units according to their vegetation characteristics. A cluster analysis of the mean values was used to divide the vegetation units into groups according to their functional characteristics. The mown meadows were characterised by the highest surface temperature and sensible heat flux and the lowest humidity and latent heat flux. On the contrary, the lowest surface temperature and sensible heat flux and the highest humidity and latent heat flux were found in the forest. Our results showed that the climatic and energetic features of the land surface are related to the type of vegetation. We state that the spatial distribution of different vegetation units and the amount of biomass are crucial variables influencing the functioning of the landscape.

scholarly journals Estimation of Land Surface Heat Fluxes Based on Landsat 7 ETM+ Data and Field Measurements over the Northern Tibetan Plateau

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 2899
Author(s):  
Nan Ge ◽  
Lei Zhong ◽  
Yaoming Ma ◽  
Meilin Cheng ◽  
Xian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Surface Heat Fluxes ◽  
Land Surface Heat Fluxes

Land surface heat fluxes consist of the net radiation flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux. The estimation of these fluxes is essential to the study of energy transfer in land–atmosphere systems. In this paper, Landsat 7 ETM+ SLC-on data were applied to estimate the land surface heat fluxes on the northern Tibetan Plateau using the SEBS (surface energy balance system) model, in combination with the calculation of field measurements at CAMP/Tibet (Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) Asia–Australia Monsoon Project on the Tibetan Plateau) automatic weather stations based on the combinatory method (CM) for comparison. The root mean square errors between the satellite estimations and the CM calculations for the net radiation flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux were 49.2 W/m2, 46.3 W/m2, 68.2 W/m2, and 54.9 W/m2, respectively. The results reveal that land surface heat fluxes all present significant seasonal variability. Apart from the sensible heat flux, the satellite-estimated net radiation flux, soil heat flux, and latent heat flux exhibited a trend of summer > spring > autumn > winter. In summer, spring, autumn, and winter, respectively, the median values of the net radiation flux (631.8 W/m2, 583.0 W/m2, 404.4 W/m2, 314.3 W/m2), soil heat flux (40.9 W/m2, 37.9 W/m2, 26.1 W/m2, 20.5 W/m2), sensible heat flux (252.7 W/m2, 219.5 W/m2, 221.4 W/m2, 204.8 W/m2), and latent heat flux (320.1 W/m2, 298.3 W/m2, 142.3 W/m2, 75.5 W/m2) exhibited distinct seasonal diversity. From November to April, the in situ sensible heat flux is higher than the latent heat flux; the opposite is true between June and September, leaving May and October as transitional months. For water bodies, alpine meadows and other main underlying surface types, sensible and latent heat flux generally present contrasting and complementary spatial distributions. Due to the 15–60 m resolution of the Landsat 7 ETM+ data, the distribution of land surface heat fluxes can be used as an indicator of complex underlying surface types over the northern Tibetan Plateau.

scholarly journals Comparison of energy balance on Gangotri and Chhota Shigri Glaciers

2014 ◽  
Vol XL-8 ◽  
pp. 537-542
Author(s):  
G. Rastogi ◽  
Ajai
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Chhota Shigri Glacier ◽  
Himalayan Glaciers ◽  
Gangotri Glacier

Surface energy balance of a glacier governs the physical processes taking place at the surface-atmosphere interface and connects ice ablation/accumulation to climate variability. To understand the response of Himalayan glaciers to climatic variability, a study was taken to formulate energy balance equation on two of the Indian Himalayan glaciers, one each from Indus and Ganga basins, which have different climatic and physiographic conditions. Study was carried out over Gangotri glacier (Ganga basin) and Chhota Shigri(CS) glacier from Chandra sub-basin (Indus basin). Gangotri glacier is one of the largest glaciers in the central Himalaya located in Uttarkashi District, Uttarakhand, India. Chhota Shigri glacier of Chandra sub-basin lies in Lahaul and Spiti valley of Himachal Pradesh. Energy balance components have been computed using inputs derived from satellite data, AWS (Automatic Weather Station) data and field measurements. Different components of energy balance computed are net radiation (includes net shortwave and net longwave radiation), sensible heat flux and latent heat flux. In this study comparison has been made for each of the above energy balance components as well as total energy for the above glaciers for the months of November and December, 2011. It is observed that net radiation in Gangotri glacier is higher by approximately 43 % in comparison to Chhota Shigri glacier; Sensible heat flux is lesser by 77 %; Latent heat flux is higher by 66 % in the month of November 2011. Comparison in the month of December shows that net radiation in Gangotri glacier is higher by approximately 22 % from Chhota Shigri glacier; Sensible heat flux is lesser by 90 %; Latent heat flux is higher by 3 %.Total energy received at the glacier surface and contributes for melting is estimated to be around 32 % higher in Gangotri than Chhota Shigri glacier in November, 2011 and 1.25 % higher in December, 2011. The overall results contribute towards higher melting rate in November and December, 2011 in Gangotri than Chhota Shigri glacier.

scholarly journals Long-term relative decline in evapotranspiration with increasing runoff on fractional land surfaces

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ren Wang ◽  
Pierre Gentine ◽  
Jiabo Yin ◽  
Lijuan Chen ◽  
Jianyao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Surface Conductance ◽  
Land Surfaces

Abstract. Evapotranspiration (ET) accompanied by water and heat transport in the hydrological cycle is a key component in regulating surface aridity. Existing studies on changes in surface aridity have typically estimated ET using semi-empirical equations or parameterizations of land surface processes, which are based on the assumption that the parameters in the equation are stationary. However, plant physiological effects and its response to a changing environment are dynamically modifying ET, thereby challenging this assumption and limiting the estimation of long-term ET. In this study, the latent heat flux (ET in energy units) and sensible heat flux were retrieved for recent decades on a global scale using machine learning approach and driven by ground-based observations from flux towers and weather stations. The study resulted in several findings, namely that the evaporative fraction (EF) – the ratio of latent heat flux to available surface energy – exhibited a relatively decreasing trend on fractional land surfaces; In particular, the decrease in EF was accompanied by an increase in long-term runoff as assessed by precipitation (P) minus ET, accounting for 27.06 % of the global land areas. The signs were indicative of reduced surface conductance, which further emphasized that land-surface vegetation has major impacts on regulating the water and energy cycles, as well as aridity variability.

scholarly journals Sensible and latent heat flux from radiometric surface temperatures at the regional scale: methodology and validation

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1945-1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Miglietta ◽  
B. Gioli ◽  
Y. Brunet ◽  
R. W. A. Hutjes ◽  
A. Matese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Surface Temperatures

Abstract. The CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy (CERES) was designed to develop and test a range of methodologies to assess regional surface energy and mass exchange of a large study area in the south-western part of France. This paper describes a methodology to estimate sensible and latent heat fluxes on the basis of net radiation, surface radiometric temperature measurements and information obtained from available products derived from the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) geostationary meteorological satellite, weather stations and ground-based eddy covariance towers. It is based on a simplified bulk formulation of sensible heat flux that considers the degree of coupling between the vegetation and the atmosphere and estimates latent heat as the residual term of net radiation. Estimates of regional energy fluxes obtained in this way are validated at the regional scale by means of a comparison with direct flux measurements made by airborne eddy-covariance. The results show an overall good matching between airborne fluxes and estimates of sensible and latent heat flux obtained from radiometric surface temperatures that holds for different weather conditions and different land use types. The overall applicability of the proposed methodology to regional studies is discussed.

scholarly journals Large Aperture Scintillometer measurements above a large green roof to assess the evapotranspiration flux

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leydy Alejandra Castellanos Diaz ◽  
Pierre Antoine Versini ◽  
Ioulia Tchiguirinskaia ◽  
Olivier Bonin ◽  
David Ramier
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Conduction ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Large Aperture

&lt;p&gt;The challenges induced by the continuous urbanization and the climate change effects, such as extreme events (e.g. flooding or heat waves) or the intense increase of the urban temperatures (Urban Heat Island), encourage the implementation of Blue and Green Solutions (BGS). These solutions are inspired by the nature, favouring natural process in the cities like water infiltration or evapotranspiration (ET), reducing air temperature during heatwaves events.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Characterize the thermal behavior governing a BGS is necessary to promote their implementation. Consequently, this research studies the energy fluxes &amp;#8211;and particularly the evapotranspiration one- of a 1 ha wavy-shape green roof located in Champs-Sur-Marne (France), called Blue Green Wave (BGW). Therefore, a Large Aperture Scintillometer MKI, a CNR4 radiometer and 4 Type K thermocouples were installed on the BGW to measure the sensible heat flux of convection, the net radiation and the heat conduction into the soil substrate. The latent heat flux of ET was deduced from the energy balance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Each LAS unit was placed on the highest locations of the roof with about 100 m of distance between them. Diaphragms for short-range applications were placed in front of the units. The measurements were conducted on sunny and randomly days during the 2019 summer over an average time period of 7 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;It appears that LAS sensible heat flux measurements on completely sunny days follow the net radiation flux trend. However, on cloudy days important flux fluctuations are noticed. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to illustrate the significant correlation between the wind and the sensible heat flux during short time periods. In parallel, the heat conduction was analysed through a thermal gradient of temperature and a Fourier analysis demonstrating a poor conduction rate mainly on drier conditions of the BGW.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Finally, the deduced latent heat was compared with the measurements of a dynamic evaporation chamber, confirming a significant over estimation of the latent heat computed from the energy balance. This can be explained by the sum of uncertainties related to each energy flux component, in addition to the restraint conditions of LAS measurement operation on the BGW (application over the limits of MOST theory). A multifractal analysis to determinate the temporal and spatial scaling behaviour of latent heat flux is ongoing.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Sensible and latent heat flux from radiometric surface temperatures at the regional scale: methodology and evaluation

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 1975-1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Miglietta ◽  
B. Gioli ◽  
Y. Brunet ◽  
R. W. A. Hutjes ◽  
A. Matese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Surface Temperatures

Abstract. The CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy (CERES) was designed to develop and test a range of methodologies to assess regional surface energy and mass exchange of a large study area in the South-Western part of France. This paper describes a methodology to estimate sensible and latent heat fluxes on the basis of net radiation, surface radiometric temperature measurements and information obtained from available products derived from the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) geostationary meteorological satellite, weather stations and ground-based eddy covariance towers. It is based on a simplified bulk formulation of sensible heat flux that considers the degree of coupling between the vegetation and the atmosphere and estimates latent heat as the residual term of net radiation. Estimates of regional energy fluxes obtained in this way are validated at the regional scale by means of a comparison with direct flux measurements made by airborne eddy-covariance. The results show an overall good matching between airborne fluxes and estimates of sensible and latent heat flux obtained from radiometric surface temperatures that holds for different weather conditions and different land use types. The overall applicability of the proposed methodology to regional studies is discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document