Displaced Amacrine Cells Disappear from the Ganglion Cell Layer in the Central Retina of Adult Fish during Growth

The amacrine cells in the retina of the rat are described in Golgi-stained whole-mounted retinae. Nine morphologically distinct types of cell were found: one type of diffuse cell, five types of unistratified cell, two types of bistratified cell, and one type of stratified diffuse cell. Measurements show that the largest unistratified cells have a dendritic field 2 mm across. One type of interplexiform cell is also described. Wide-field diffuse amacrine cells and unistratified amacrine cells were found with their somata located in either the inner nuclear layer or the ganglion cell layer. It is clear that there may be an amacrine cell system in the ganglion cell layer of the rat retina.

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NADPH-diaphorase neurones of human retinae have a uniform topographical distribution

Visual Neuroscience ◽

10.1017/s0952523800005812 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 619-623 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Jan M. Provis ◽

John Mitrofanis

Keyword(s):

Ganglion Cell ◽

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽

Ganglion Cell Layer ◽

Cell Layer ◽

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Amacrine Cells ◽

Nadph Diaphorase ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Topographical Distribution

AbstractWe have examined the morphology and distribution of neurones that contain nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase in human retinae. NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was observed in three different classes of amacrine cells (ND1, ND2, ND3 cells) and in the cone photoreceptors. ND1 cells had relatively large somata (mean, 12.3 ¼m) located in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Their dendrites were often strongly labeled and spread into either the middle or outer strata of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). The somata of ND2 cells were medium-sized (mean, 8.2 ¼m) and located in the INL and in the GCL; their dendrites were usually beaded and often spread in either the middle or outer strata of the IPL. ND3 cells had small, round somata (mean, 5.2 ¼m) located in either the INL or GCL, and were without labeled processes. The total number of NADPH-diaphorase cells (all classes) was estimated at 118,000, with a mean density of about 100/mm2. The most striking fea ture of NADPH-diaphorase cells in humans was that their distribution was relatively uniform across the retina, with no evidence of a peak in density at the foveal rim.

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Melanopsin and calbindin immunoreactivity in the inner retina of humans and marmosets

Visual Neuroscience ◽

10.1017/s0952523819000087 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 36 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ashleigh J. Chandra ◽

Sammy C.S. Lee ◽

Ulrike Grünert

Keyword(s):

Ganglion Cell ◽

Calcium Binding ◽

Ganglion Cell Layer ◽

Ganglion Cells ◽

Cell Layer ◽

Amacrine Cells ◽

Bipolar Cells ◽

Human Retina ◽

Immunohistochemical Markers ◽

Starburst Amacrine Cells

Abstract In primate retina, the calcium-binding protein calbindin is expressed by a variety of neurons including cones, bipolar cells, and amacrine cells but it is not known which type(s) of cell express calbindin in the ganglion cell layer. The present study aimed to identify calbindin-positive cell type(s) in the amacrine and ganglion cell layer of human and marmoset retina using immunohistochemical markers for ganglion cells (RBPMS and melanopsin) and cholinergic amacrine (ChAT) cells. Intracellular injections following immunolabeling was used to reveal the morphology of calbindin-positive cells. In human retina, calbindin-labeled cells in the ganglion cell layer were identified as inner and outer stratifying melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells, and ON ChAT (starburst amacrine) cells. In marmoset, calbindin immunoreactivity in the ganglion cell layer was absent from ganglion cells but present in ON ChAT cells. In the inner nuclear layer of human retina, calbindin was found in melanopsin-expressing displaced ganglion cells and in at least two populations of amacrine cells including about a quarter of the OFF ChAT cells. In marmoset, a very low proportion of OFF ChAT cells was calbindin-positive. These results suggest that in both species there may be two types of OFF ChAT cells. Consistent with previous studies, the ratio of ON to OFF ChAT cells was about 70 to 30 in human and 30 to 70 in marmoset. Our results show that there are species-related differences between different primates with respect to the expression of calbindin.

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Dopaminergic amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer comprise a single functional retinal mosaic

The Journal of Comparative Neurology ◽

10.1002/cne.10891 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 466 (3) ◽

pp. 343-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Stephen J. Eglen ◽

Mary A. Raven ◽

Eric Tamrazian ◽

Benjamin E. Reese

Keyword(s):

Ganglion Cell ◽

Ganglion Cell Layer ◽

Cell Layer ◽

Amacrine Cells ◽

Inner Nuclear Layer ◽

Retinal Mosaic

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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the ground squirrel retina: Localization of the β4 subunit by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization

Visual Neuroscience ◽

10.1017/s0952523800002479 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 569-577 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Luiz R. G. Britto ◽

Scott W. Rogers ◽

Dânia E. Hamassaki-Britto ◽

Robert M. Duvoisin

Keyword(s):

Ganglion Cell ◽

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽

Ground Squirrel ◽

Ganglion Cell Layer ◽

Ganglion Cells ◽

Cell Layer ◽

Amacrine Cells ◽

Inner Nuclear Layer ◽

Nachr Subunit

AbstractImmunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques were used to localize the β4 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the ground squirrel retina. The β4 nAChR subunit was detected in both transverse and horizontal sections of the retina using a subunit-specific antiserum and the avidin-biotin complex technique. Two bands of labeled processes were seen in the inner plexiform layer, corresponding approximately to the laminae where the cholinergic cells arborize. Labeled cells were found in the ganglion cell layer and the inner third of the inner nuclear layer. The cells in the ganglion cell layer were medium- to large-sized and were frequently observed to give rise to axon-like processes. Most of the labeled neurons in the inner nuclear layer were small presumptive amacrine cells, but a few medium-to-large cells were also labeled. These could constitute a different class of amacrine cells or displaced ganglion cells. The latter possibility is supported by the existence of nAChR-containing displaced ganglion cells in the avian retina. In situ hybridization with a 35S-labeled cRNA probe revealed the expression of mRNA coding for the nAChR β4 subunit in the ganglion cell layer and the inner third of the inner nuclear layer. This finding confirmed the immunohistochemical data of the cellular localization of β4 nAChR subunit.These results indicate that the β4 nAChR subunit is expressed by specific subtypes of neurons on the ground squirrel retina. As the expression of that particular nAChR subunit appears to be very limited in the brain, the present data suggest that the retina might represent a useful model to study the function of nAChRs containing the β4 subunit.

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The number, morphology, and distribution of retinal ganglion cells and optic axons in the Australian lungfishNeoceratodus forsteri(Krefft 1870)

Visual Neuroscience ◽

10.1017/s0952523806232103 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 257-273 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

HELENA J. BAILES ◽

ANN E.O. TREZISE ◽

SHAUN P. COLLIN

Keyword(s):

Optic Nerve ◽

Ganglion Cell ◽

Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽

Ganglion Cell Layer ◽

Ganglion Cells ◽

Cell Layer ◽

Amacrine Cells ◽

Resolving Power ◽

Retinal Ganglion ◽

Retrograde Labelling

Australian lungfishNeoceratodus forsterimay be the closest living relative to the first tetrapods and yet little is known about their retinal ganglion cells. This study reveals that lungfish possess a heterogeneous population of ganglion cells distributed in a horizontal streak across the retinal meridian, which is formed early in development and maintained through to adult stages. The number and complement of both ganglion cells and a population of putative amacrine cells within the ganglion cell layer are examined using retrograde labelling from the optic nerve and transmission electron-microscopic analysis of axons within the optic nerve. At least four types of retinal ganglion cells are present and lie predominantly within a thin ganglion cell layer, although two subpopulations are identified, one within the inner plexiform and the other within the inner nuclear layer. A subpopulation of retinal ganglion cells comprising up to 7% of the total population are significantly larger (>400 μm2) and are characterized as giant or alpha-like cells. Up to 44% of cells within the retinal ganglion cell layer represent a population of presumed amacrine cells. The optic nerve is heavily fasciculated and the proportion of myelinated axons increases with body length from 17% in subadults to 74% in adults. Spatial resolving power, based on ganglion cell spacing, is low (1.6–1.9 cycles deg−1,n= 2) and does not significantly increase with growth. This represents the first detailed study of retinal ganglion cells in sarcopterygian fish, and reveals that, despite variation amongst animal groups, trends in ganglion cell density distribution and characteristics of cell types were defined early in vertebrate evolution.

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Most calretinin-containing amacrine cells in the rabbit retina co-localize glycine

Visual Neuroscience ◽

10.1017/s095252389916601x ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 983-990 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

ROBERT GÁBRIEL ◽

BÉLA VÖLGYI ◽

EDIT POLLÁK

Keyword(s):

Ganglion Cell ◽

Calcium Binding ◽

Binding Proteins ◽

Ganglion Cell Layer ◽

Cell Layer ◽

Amacrine Cells ◽

Small Population ◽

Calcium Binding Proteins ◽

Rabbit Retina ◽

Fiber Layer

Calretinin-containing retinal amacrine cells are heterogeneous with regard to their neurochemical properties. In the rabbit retina, about 90% of them contain glycine, as evidenced in the present study by double-label immunocytochemistry. In a previous report, we showed that a small population of amacrine cells contains both γ-aminobutyric acid and calretinin. In this study, we further identified this cell population by means of known secondary markers. However, none of the markers we tested (choline acetyltransferase, serotonin accumulation, NADPH-diaphorase, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) co-localized with calretinin. A small population (1%) of the cells in the ganglion cell layer contains both calretinin and glycine. Since calretinin-positive cells in the ganglion cell layer have been identified as ganglion cells based on soma size and presence of calretinin-positive axons in the optic nerve fiber layer, this population may represent a class of ganglion cell which contains glycine. Our results, together with those of other studies, suggest that calretinin is not a general marker of any of the well-known amacrine cell types in the mammalian retina. Rather, calretinin, just as other calcium-binding proteins, is distributed in a species-specific manner. At the same time it appears that, as shown for horizontal cells, one or more of the major buffer-type calcium-binding proteins of the EF-hand family is present in most of the retinal amacrine cells.

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The fine structure of the reconstructed neural retina of chick embryos

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.31.1.139 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 139-149

Author(s):

H. Fujisawa ◽

H. Nakamura ◽

M. Chin

Keyword(s):

Fine Structure ◽

Ganglion Cell ◽

Ganglion Cell Layer ◽

Cell Layer ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Amacrine Cells ◽

Neural Retina ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Chick Embryos ◽

Inner Limiting Membranes

The fine structure of reconstructed neural retina formed from dissociated neural retinal cells of 6½-day-old chick embryos on the chorio-allantoic membrane of chick embryos was examined with the electron microscope. Three nuclear layers (ganglion cell layer, inner and outer nuclear layers) and two fibrous layers (inner and outer plexiform layers) are found within the reconstructed retina. Both the outer and the inner limiting membranes of the reconstructed structure are constituted from the processes of differentiated Müller cells. The ganglion cell layer consists of two types of cell, though a typical ganglion cell with axonal process is not observed. Optic nerve fibres are not formed. Amacrine cells are recognized within the inner nuclear layer. Differentiation of the inner segment of the photoreceptor cell occurs, but not of the outer segment. Synaptic structures are recognized in the inner plexiform layer, but not in the outer plexiform layer.

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The formation of the area centralis of the retinal ganglion cell layer in the chick

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.100.3.411 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 100 (3) ◽

pp. 411-420

Author(s):

C. Straznicky ◽

M. Chehade

Keyword(s):

Ganglion Cell ◽

Retinal Ganglion Cell ◽

Ganglion Cell Layer ◽

Cell Layer ◽

Cell Loss ◽

Retinal Ganglion ◽

Retinal Periphery ◽

Central Retina ◽

Retinal Ganglion Cell Layer ◽

Area Centralis

In adult domestic chickens, the neurones in the retinal ganglion cell layer are very unevenly disposed such that there is a sixfold increase in neurone density from the retinal edge to the retinal centre. The formation of the high ganglion-cell-density area centralis was studied on chick retinal wholemounts from the 8th day of incubation (E8) to 4 weeks after hatching (4WAH). The density of viable neurones and the number and the distribution of pyknotic neurones in the ganglion cell layer were estimated across the whole retina. Between E8 and E10, the distribution of neurones in the ganglion cell layer was anisodensitic with 53,000 mm-2 in the centre compared to 34,000 mm-2 in the periphery of the retina. Thereafter, a progressively steeper gradient of neurone density developed, which decreased from 24,000 mm-2 in the retinal centre to 6000 mm-2 at the retinal periphery by 4WAH. Neuronal pyknosis in the ganglion cell layer was observed between E9 and E17. From E11 onwards, consistently more pyknotic neurones were found in the peripheral than in the central retina. It was estimated that over the period of cell death approximately twice as many neurones died per unit area in the retinal periphery than in the centre. Retinal area measurements and estimation of neurone densities in the ganglion cell layer after the period of neurone generation and neurone death indicated differential retinal expansion, with more expansion in the peripheral than in the central retina. These observations allow us to conclude that the formation of the area centralis of the chick retina involves (1) slightly higher cell generation in the retinal centre, (2) higher rate of cell loss in the retinal periphery and (3) differential retinal expansion.

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