scholarly journals What does a short-SOA exogenous cue do in a so-called simple-RT task?

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 127-127
Author(s):  
P. Chen ◽  
J. T. Mordkoff
Keyword(s):  
Exogenous Cue ◽  
Simple Rt

Focusing of Visuospatial Attention

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina Pesce ◽  
Rainer Bösel
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Spatial Relation ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Visuospatial Attention ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Simple Rt

Abstract In the present study we explored the focusing of visuospatial attention in subjects practicing and not practicing activities with high attentional demands. Similar to the studies of Castiello and Umiltà (e. g., 1990) , our experimental procedure was a variation of Posner's (1980) basic paradigm for exploring covert orienting of visuospatial attention. In a simple RT-task, a peripheral cue of varying size was presented unilaterally or bilaterally from a central fixation point and followed by a target at different stimulus-onset-asynchronies (SOAs). The target could occur validly inside the cue or invalidly outside the cue with varying spatial relation to its boundary. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and reaction times (RTs) were recorded to target stimuli under the different task conditions. RT and ERP findings showed converging aspects as well as dissociations. Electrophysiological results revealed an amplitude modulation of the ERPs in the early and late Nd time interval at both anterior and posterior scalp sites, which seems to be related to the effects of peripheral informative cues as well as to the attentional expertise. Results were: (1) shorter latency effects confirm the positive-going amplitude enhancement elicited by unilateral peripheral cues and strengthen the criticism against the neutrality of spatially nonpredictive peripheral cueing of all possible target locations which is often presumed in behavioral studies. (2) Longer latency effects show that subjects with attentional expertise modulate the distribution of the attentional resources in the visual space differently than nonexperienced subjects. Skilled practice may lead to minimizing attentional costs by automatizing the use of a span of attention that is adapted to the most frequent task demands and endogenously increases the allocation of resources to cope with less usual attending conditions.

On Why Objects Appear Smaller in the Visual Periphery

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wladimir Kirsch ◽  
Roland Pfister ◽  
Wilfried Kunde
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Visuospatial Attention ◽  
Peripheral Target ◽  
Perceptual Distortion ◽  
Visual Periphery ◽  
Peripheral Location ◽  
Exogenous Cue

An object appears smaller in the periphery than in the center of the visual field. In two experiments ( N = 24), we demonstrated that visuospatial attention contributes substantially to this perceptual distortion. Participants judged the size of central and peripheral target objects after a transient, exogenous cue directed their attention to either the central or the peripheral location. Peripheral target objects were judged to be smaller following a central cue, whereas this effect disappeared completely when the peripheral target was cued. This outcome suggests that objects appear smaller in the visual periphery not only because of the structural properties of the visual system but also because of a lack of spatial attention.

EXPRESS: How the size of exogenous attentional cues alters visual performance: from response gain to contrast gain

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110248
Author(s):  
Xiaogang Wu ◽  
Aijun Wang ◽  
Ming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Visual Selective Attention ◽  
Visual Performance ◽  
Target Size ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Gain Modulation ◽  
Absolute Size ◽  
Contrast Gain ◽  
Exogenous Cues ◽  
Exogenous Cue ◽  
Attentional Cues

The normalization model of attention (NMoA) predicts that the attention gain pattern is mediated by changes in the size of the attentional field and stimuli. However, existing studies have not measured gain patterns when the relative sizes of stimuli are changed. To investigate the NMoA, the present study manipulated the attentional field size, namely, the exogenous cue size. Moreover, we assessed whether the relative rather than the absolute size of the attentional field matters, either by holding the target size constant and changing the cue size (experiments 1-3) or by holding the cue size constant and changing the target size (experiment 4), in a spatial cueing paradigm of psychophysical procedures. The results show that the gain modulations changed from response gain to contrast gain when the precue size changed from small to large relative to the target size (experiments 1-3). Moreover, when the target size was once again made larger than the precue size, there was still a change in response gain (experiment 4). These results suggest that the size of exogenous cues plays an important role in adjusting the attentional field and that relative changes rather than absolute changes to exogenous cue size determine gain modulation. These results are consistent with the prediction of the NMoA and provide novel insights into gain modulations of visual selective attention.

scholarly journals Traumatic Brain Injury, Aging and Reaction Time

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.T. Stuss ◽  
L.L. Stethem ◽  
T.W. Picton ◽  
E.E. Leech ◽  
G. Pelchat
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Redundant Information ◽  
Complex Reaction ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Simple Rt

ABSTRACT:The effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and aging were compared on tests of simple and complex reaction time (RT). Simple RT was not significantly affected by aging or TBI. TBI patients, however, tended to be slower on Simple RT tasks, and had a larger standard deviation. Individuals over age 60 and patients of any age with TBI demonstrated slower RT with choice RT tests. In addition, both groups (those over 60 and TBI patients) were less able than other groups to inhibit the processing of redundant information. For the TBI patients, this occurred primarily on reassessment. These results suggest that the deficit in both aging and TBI is not only a generalized neuronal slowing but a more specific impairment in attentional control processes, exhibited as a deficit in focused attention.

Exogenous Cuing of Distractor Location Facilitates Location Selection by Inhibition of Return

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsuan-Fu Chao
Keyword(s):  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Attention Capture ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
Distractor Location ◽  
Manual Response ◽  
Location Selection ◽  
Exogenous Cuing ◽  
Exogenous Cue

Attention capture by an exogenous cue can result in slowed responses to a target, which appeared at that cued location later. This is the phenomenon of inhibition of return (IOR). In the current study, the effect of IOR on performance in a location selection task was studied. A target and a distractor were presented at the same time, and the participants were instructed to indicate the location of the target by manual response. The results showed that it took longer to respond to the target at the cued location. More importantly, it took a shorter time to respond to the target when the distractor was presented at the cued location. These findings support the idea that IOR can facilitate performance in a target selection task if the distractor location is cued.

scholarly journals Why does the effect of short-SOA exogenous cuing on simple RT depend on the number of display locations?

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Toby Mordkoff ◽  
Rose Halterman ◽  
Peggy Chen
Keyword(s):  
Exogenous Cuing ◽  
Simple Rt

Effects of a Timing Signal on Simple Reaction Time with a Rectangular Distribution of Foreperiods

1973 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Requin ◽  
Marilyn Granjon ◽  
Henri Durup ◽  
Guy Reynard
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Rectangular Distribution ◽  
Simple Rt

It was hypothesized that the time course of preparation during a variable interstimulus interval (ISI) of a simple reaction time (RT) experiment was partly determined by the subjective distribution of conditional probabilities of the executive signal (ES). Sixty subjects performed a simple auditory RT task with various ranges of six ISI durations organized in rectangular frequency distributions. In order to give the subjects information about elapsed time during ISI, a recurring time-marking click, the periodicity of which was varied, was introduced during the ISI in one of the three series of trials each subject performed. A strong decreasing RT–-ISI relationship was observed supporting the main hypothesis. However, a clear increase of mean RT over all ISIs combined, was also found. Because these two mixed effects were greatest when the click intervened at the possible times of ES occurrence only, three functions of time-information given by the click are discussed: (a) a reduction of the usual increase of time estimation error with increased ISI; (b) an increase of the subjects knowledge of the ISI range resulting from the discontinuity of the time-marking click which makes easier a discrete time-intervals numbering process; (c) a change of the simple-RT task into a discrimination task.

Effect of Reaction Time Condition on EMG Activities of the Biceps Brachii Muscle in Elbow Flexion and Forearm Supination

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-813
Author(s):  
Jose Alvin P. Mojica ◽  
Ryuichi Nakamura ◽  
Yoshiaki Yamada ◽  
Ichiro Tsuji
Keyword(s):  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Biceps Brachii Muscle ◽  
Response Uncertainty ◽  
Motor Set ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Characteristics ◽  
Spatial Specificity ◽  
Simple Rt

Under simple- and choice-RT conditions, the biceps brachii muscle was examined in 8 healthy male subjects to determine how the temporal and spatial characteristics of elbow flexion and forearm supination differed at the initial phase of EMG activity and whether preparation or the presence of response uncertainty influenced the EMG outputs of the two movements. In the simple-RT condition, RT of supination was significantly faster than that of flexion but EMG activity of supination was less than that of flexion. In contrast, in the choice-RT condition, RT of flexion was significantly faster than that of supination but EMG activity of flexion was significantly reduced compared to supination. These findings indicate that advanced preparation or motor set facilitates the differentiation of RTs and EMG activities of the response movements and that response uncertainty causes a significant change in the temporal and spatial specificity of both elbow flexion and forearm supination.

Task Demands Determine Rt Retinal Location Function

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 879-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syoichi Iwasaki
Keyword(s):  
Task Demands ◽  
Retinal Location ◽  
Stimulus Properties ◽  
The One ◽  
Location Function ◽  
Simple Rt

With 3 types of tasks RTs at 7 retinal locations were measured. These tasks were called CRT in which the subjects responded with one of the two keys according to whether the presented digits were odd or even, simple-but-watch condition in which they tried to see clearly the presented digit and then respond in the simple RT manner, and simple-and-quick condition in which they simply responded to the onset of the stimuli. As may be expected, in the latter condition the subjects produced retinal-location function curve which showed only a little degradation at the peripheral positions, while in the CRT condition they responded to the peripheral stimuli much more slowly than to the central ones. The RTs of the simple-but-watch condition fell in between; most subjects showed the responses much like the ones in the simple-and-quick condition, but some of them produced a retinal location function identical in shape (although reduced by approximately 250 msec.) to the one obtained in the CRT condition. This was interpreted to be a failure (for most of the subjects) to direct attention to those parts of the stimulus properties that conveyed information on pattern. These findings gave warning as to the uncritical adoption of a simple-RT paradigm to measure iconic duration.

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