scholarly journals Mean representation beyond a shadow of a doubt: Summary statistical representation of shadows and lighting direction

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 334-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sanders ◽  
J. Haberman ◽  
D. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Representation ◽  
Summary Statistical Representation

scholarly journals Summary statistical representation of temporal frequency

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1375
Author(s):  
Shoko Kanaya ◽  
Masamichi Hayashi ◽  
David Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Statistical Representation ◽  
Summary Statistical Representation

scholarly journals Individual representations in visual working memory inherit ensemble properties

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Utochkin ◽  
Timothy F. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Uncertain Information ◽  
Individual Item ◽  
Statistical Representation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Summary Statistical Representation ◽  
Source Of Information

Prevailing theories of visual working memory assume that each encoded item is stored or forgotten as a separate unit independent from other items. Here, we show that items are not independent and that the recalled orientation of an individual item is strongly influenced by the summary statistical representation of all items (ensemble representation). We find that not only is memory for an individual orientation substantially biased toward the mean orientation, but the precision of memory for an individual item also closely tracks the precision with which people store the mean orientation (which is, in turn, correlated with the physical range of orientations). Thus, individual items are reported more precisely when items on a trial are more similar. Moreover, the narrower the range of orientations present on a trial, the more participants appear to rely on the mean orientation as representative of all individuals. This can be observed not only when the range is carefully controlled, but also shown even in randomly generated, unstructured displays, and after accounting for the possibility of location-based ‘swap’ errors. Our results suggest that the information about a set of items is represented hierarchically, and that ensemble information can be an important source of information to constrain uncertain information about individuals.

Classical and semiclassical dynamics in statistical environments with a mixed dynamical and statistical representation

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1771-1785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo Takatsuka ◽  
Kentaro Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Energy Functional ◽  
Basic Theory ◽  
Chemical Dynamics ◽  
Functional Surface ◽  
Spatial Gradients ◽  
Free Energy Functional ◽  
Statistical Representation ◽  
Semiclassical Dynamics

We present a basic theory to study real-time chemical dynamics embedded in a statistically treated large environment. It is shown that dynamically treated molecules should run on the free-energy functional surface, if and only if the spatial gradients of temperature functional are all zero.

scholarly journals Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of drugs lacking peak maxima in their zero-order profiles by graphical or statistical representation of data

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-201
Author(s):  
Ragaa Magdy ◽  
Ahmed Hemdan ◽  
Nermine Victor Fares ◽  
Maha Farouk
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Statistical Representation ◽  
Tablet Dosage ◽  
Direct Spectrophotometry ◽  
One Way Anova

Trandolapril has no sharp peak in its zero-order spectrum, therefore it is difficult to be measured by direct spectrophotometry. In this study, direct univariate spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for determination of Trandolapril and Verapamil combination in pure and tablet dosage forms. The first method for measuring both Trandolapril and Verapamil is Absorbance Subtraction (AS), this method depends on the presence of iso-absorptive point in the zero-order curve at 217 nm. It has the advantage of measuring the concentration of both Trandolapril and Verapamil from unified regression equation at the iso-absorptive point. The second, third and fourth methods were applied on the first order spectra of the studied drugs. Second method is Derivative Subtraction (DS) for Trandolapril and Derivative subtraction followed by spectrum subtraction (DS-SS) for Verapamil. The third and fourth methods are constant value and concentration value methods. In the concentration value method, the concentration of the drugs is determined from the graphical representation without the use of regression equations. All the developed methods were validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and the results proved that the developed methods are simple, accurate, and selective. Moreover, a statistical comparison between the developed methods and a reference method was done. Also, One-way ANOVA statistical test was done between all the proposed spectrophoto-metric methods and results showed no significant differences.

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