scholarly journals Gaze direction and extraretinal eye position information; Retinal orientation and eccentricity of a 1-line inducer: Separate and combined influences on visually perceived eye level (VPEL)

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 225-225
Author(s):  
L. Matin ◽  
W. Li
Keyword(s):  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Position Information

scholarly journals Eye position signals in the dorsal pulvinar during fixation and goal-directed saccades

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Schneider ◽  
Adan-Ulises Dominguez-Vargas ◽  
Lydia Gibson ◽  
Igor Kagan ◽  
Melanie Wilke
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Position Information ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Perceptual Stability ◽  
Postural Changes

AbstractMost sensorimotor cortical areas contain eye position information thought to ensure perceptual stability across saccades and underlie spatial transformations supporting goal-directed actions. One pathway by which eye position signals could be relayed to and across cortical areas is via the dorsal pulvinar. Several studies demonstrated saccade-related activity in the dorsal pulvinar and we have recently shown that many neurons exhibit post-saccadic spatial preference long after the saccade execution. In addition, dorsal pulvinar lesions lead to gaze-holding deficits expressed as nystagmus or ipsilesional gaze bias, prompting us to investigate the effects of eye position. We tested three starting eye positions (−15°/0°/15°) in monkeys performing a visually-cued memory saccade task. We found two main types of gaze dependence. First, ∼50% of neurons showed an effect of static gaze direction during initial and post-saccadic fixation. Eccentric gaze preference was more common than straight ahead. Some of these neurons were not visually-responsive and might be primarily signaling the position of the eyes in the orbit, or coding foveal targets in a head/body/world-centered reference frame. Second, many neurons showed a combination of eye-centered and gaze-dependent modulation of visual, memory and saccadic responses to a peripheral target. A small subset showed effects consistent with eye position-dependent gain modulation. Analysis of reference frames across task epochs from visual cue to post-saccadic target fixation indicated a transition from predominantly eye-centered encoding to representation of final gaze or foveated locations in non-retinocentric coordinates. These results show that dorsal pulvinar neurons carry information about eye position, which could contribute to steady gaze during postural changes and to reference frame transformations for visually-guided eye and limb movements.New & NoteworthyWork on the pulvinar focused on eye-centered visuospatial representations, but position of the eyes in the orbit is also an important factor that needs to be taken into account during spatial orienting and goal-directed reaching. Here we show that dorsal pulvinar neurons are influenced by eye position. Gaze direction modulated ongoing firing during stable fixation, as well as visual and saccade responses to peripheral targets, suggesting involvement of the dorsal pulvinar in spatial coordinate transformations.

scholarly journals Eye position signals in the dorsal pulvinar during fixation and goal-directed saccades

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 367-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Schneider ◽  
Adan-Ulises Dominguez-Vargas ◽  
Lydia Gibson ◽  
Igor Kagan ◽  
Melanie Wilke
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Position Information ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Perceptual Stability ◽  
Postural Changes

Sensorimotor cortical areas contain eye position information thought to ensure perceptual stability across saccades and underlie spatial transformations supporting goal-directed actions. One pathway by which eye position signals could be relayed to and across cortical areas is via the dorsal pulvinar. Several studies have demonstrated saccade-related activity in the dorsal pulvinar, and we have recently shown that many neurons exhibit postsaccadic spatial preference. In addition, dorsal pulvinar lesions lead to gaze-holding deficits expressed as nystagmus or ipsilesional gaze bias, prompting us to investigate the effects of eye position. We tested three starting eye positions (−15°, 0°, 15°) in monkeys performing a visually cued memory saccade task. We found two main types of gaze dependence. First, ~50% of neurons showed dependence on static gaze direction during initial and postsaccadic fixation, and might be signaling the position of the eyes in the orbit or coding foveal targets in a head/body/world-centered reference frame. The population-derived eye position signal lagged behind the saccade. Second, many neurons showed a combination of eye-centered and gaze-dependent modulation of visual, memory, and saccadic responses to a peripheral target. A small subset showed effects consistent with eye position-dependent gain modulation. Analysis of reference frames across task epochs from visual cue to postsaccadic fixation indicated a transition from predominantly eye-centered encoding to representation of final gaze or foveated locations in nonretinocentric coordinates. These results show that dorsal pulvinar neurons carry information about eye position, which could contribute to steady gaze during postural changes and to reference frame transformations for visually guided eye and limb movements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Work on the pulvinar focused on eye-centered visuospatial representations, but position of the eyes in the orbit is also an important factor that needs to be taken into account during spatial orienting and goal-directed reaching. We show that dorsal pulvinar neurons are influenced by eye position. Gaze direction modulated ongoing firing during stable fixation, as well as visual and saccade responses to peripheral targets, suggesting involvement of the dorsal pulvinar in spatial coordinate transformations.

Corollary discharge provides accurate eye position information to the oculomotor system

Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 221 (4616) ◽  
pp. 1193-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Guthrie ◽  
J. Porter ◽  
D. Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Corollary Discharge ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Position Information

Motor Dynamics Encoding in Cat Cerebellar Flocculus Middle Zone During Optokinetic Eye Movements

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 2235-2248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiro Kitama ◽  
Tomohiro Omata ◽  
Akihito Mizukoshi ◽  
Takehiko Ueno ◽  
Yu Sato
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Middle Zone ◽  
Forward Selection ◽  
Optokinetic Response ◽  
Position Information ◽  
Stimulus Velocity ◽  
Cerebellar Flocculus

We investigated the relationship between eye movement and simple-spike (SS) frequency of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar flocculus middle zone during the optokinetic response (OKR) in alert cats. The OKR was elicited by a sequence of a constant-speed visual pattern movement in one direction for 1 s and then in the opposite direction for 1 s. Quick-phase-free trials were selected. Sixty-six cells had direction-selective complex spike (CS) activity that was modulated during horizontal (preferring contraversive) but not vertical stimuli. The SS activity was modulated during horizontal OKR, preferring ipsiversive stimuli. Forty-one cells had well-modulated activity and were suitable for the regression model. In these cells, an inverse dynamics approach was applied, and the time course of the SS rate was reconstructed, with mean coefficient of determination 0.76, by a linear weighted superposition of the eye acceleration (mean coefficient, 0.056 spikes/s per deg/s2), velocity (5.10 spikes/s per deg/s), position (−2.40 spikes/s per deg), and constant (mean 34.3 spikes/s) terms, using a time delay (mean 11 ms) from the unit response to the eye response. The velocity and acceleration terms contributed to the increase in the reconstructed SS rates during ipsilateral movements, whereas the position term contributed during contralateral movements. The standard regression coefficient analyses revealed that the contribution of the velocity term (mean coefficient 0.81) was predominant over the acceleration (0.03) and position (−0.17) terms. Forward selection analysis revealed three cell types: Velocity-Position-Acceleration type ( n = 27): velocity, position, and acceleration terms are significant ( P < 0.05); Velocity-Position type ( n = 12): velocity and position terms are significant; and Velocity-Acceleration type ( n = 2): velocity and acceleration terms are significant. Using the set of coefficients obtained by regression of the response to a 5 deg/s stimulus velocity, the SS rates during higher (10, 20, and 40 deg/s) stimulus velocities were successfully reconstructed, suggesting generality of the model. The eye-position information encoded in the SS firing during the OKR was relative but not absolute in the sense that the magnitude of the position shift from the initial eye position (0 deg/s velocity) contributed to firing rate changes, but the initial eye position did not. It is concluded that 1) the SS firing frequency in the cat middle zone encodes the velocity and acceleration information for counteracting the viscosity and inertia forces respectively, during short-duration horizontal OKR and 2) the apparent position information encoded in the SS firing is not appropriate for counteracting the elastic force during the OKR.

Human Oculomotor System Accounts for 3-D Eye Orientation in the Visual-Motor Transformation for Saccades

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 2274-2294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliana M. Klier ◽  
J. Douglas Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Look Up Table ◽  
Listing's Law ◽  
Listing’S Law ◽  
Reference Frame Transformation ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
Frame Transformation

Klier, Eliana M. and J. Douglas Crawford. Human oculomotor system accounts for 3-D eye orientation in the visual-motor transformation for saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 2274–2294, 1998. A recent theoretical investigation has demonstrated that three-dimensional (3-D) eye position dependencies in the geometry of retinal stimulation must be accounted for neurally (i.e., in a visuomotor reference frame transformation) if saccades are to be both accurate and obey Listing's law from all initial eye positions. Our goal was to determine whether the human saccade generator correctly implements this eye-to-head reference frame transformation (RFT), or if it approximates this function with a visuomotor look-up table (LT). Six head-fixed subjects participated in three experiments in complete darkness. We recorded 60° horizontal saccades between five parallel pairs of lights, over a vertical range of ±40° ( experiment 1), and 30° radial saccades from a central target, with the head upright or tilted 45° clockwise/counterclockwise to induce torsional ocular counterroll, under both binocular and monocular viewing conditions ( experiments 2 and 3). 3-D eye orientation and oculocentric target direction (i.e., retinal error) were computed from search coil signals in the right eye. Experiment 1: as predicted, retinal error was a nontrivial function of both target displacement in space and 3-D eye orientation (e.g., horizontally displaced targets could induce horizontal or oblique retinal errors, depending on eye position). These data were input to a 3-D visuomotor LT model, which implemented Listing's law, but predicted position-dependent errors in final gaze direction of up to 19.8°. Actual saccades obeyed Listing's law but did not show the predicted pattern of inaccuracies in final gaze direction, i.e., the slope of actual error, as a function of predicted error, was only −0.01 ± 0.14 (compared with 0 for RFT model and 1.0 for LT model), suggesting near-perfect compensation for eye position. Experiments 2 and 3: actual directional errors from initial torsional eye positions were only a fraction of those predicted by the LT model (e.g., 32% for clockwise and 33% for counterclockwise counterroll during binocular viewing). Furthermore, any residual errors were immediately reduced when visual feedback was provided during saccades. Thus, other than sporadic miscalibrations for torsion, saccades were accurate from all 3-D eye positions. We conclude that 1) the hypothesis of a visuomotor look-up table for saccades fails to account even for saccades made directly toward visual targets, but rather, 2) the oculomotor system takes 3-D eye orientation into account in a visuomotor reference frame transformation. This transformation is probably implemented physiologically between retinotopically organized saccade centers (in cortex and superior colliculus) and the brain stem burst generator.

Postsaccadic eye position contributes to oculomotor error estimation in saccadic adaptation

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 1909-1917
Author(s):  
Svenja Gremmler ◽  
Markus Lappe
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Proprioceptive Information ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Position Information ◽  
Saccadic Adaptation ◽  
Position Signal ◽  
Motor Error ◽  
Saccade Control

We investigated whether the proprioceptive eye position signal after the execution of a saccadic eye movement is used to estimate the accuracy of the movement. If so, saccadic adaptation, the mechanism that maintains saccade accuracy, could use this signal in a similar way as it uses visual feedback after the saccade. To manipulate the availability of the proprioceptive eye position signal we utilized the finding that proprioceptive eye position information builds up gradually after a saccade over a time interval comparable to typical saccade latencies. We confined the retention time of gaze at the saccade landing point by asking participants to make fast return saccades to the fixation point that preempt the usability of proprioceptive eye position signals. In five experimental conditions we measured the influence of the visual and proprioceptive feedback, together and separately, on the development of adaptation. We found that the adaptation of the previously shortened saccades in the case of visual feedback being unavailable after the saccade was significantly weaker when the use of proprioceptive eye position information was impaired by fast return saccades. We conclude that adaptation can be driven by proprioceptive eye position feedback. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that proprioceptive eye position information is used after a saccade to estimate motor error and adapt saccade control. Previous studies on saccadic adaptation focused on visual feedback about saccade accuracy. A multimodal error signal combining visual and proprioceptive information is likely more robust. Moreover, combining proprioceptive and visual measures of saccade performance can be helpful to keep vision, proprioception, and motor control in alignment and produce a coherent representation of space.

Inflow as a source of extraretinal eye position information

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-IN7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander A. Skavenski
Keyword(s):  
Eye Position ◽  
Position Information

Does the world rock when the eyes roll?

2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred W. Mast
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Force ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Visual Orientation ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Position Information ◽  
Reference Information ◽  
Ocular Counterroll ◽  
Short Line Segment ◽  
Visual Vertical ◽  
The Brain

When the head is inclined sideways, the eyes are counter-rotated with respect to the head (ocular-counterroll, OCR). In man, the gain of OCR in static body tilts is limited to about 10% of the angle of roll tilt, which suggests that its function is vestigial. However, it is still unclear how the residual OCR is related to the perceived orientation of visual stimuli. Wade and Curthoys (1997) claim that the brain does not “take into account” the OCR, so that the eye position directly interferes with perception of visual orientation. Alternately, it has been argued that OCR is partly compensated by an extraretinal eye-position information such as, e.g., an efference copy ( Haustein, 1992 ; Haustein & Mittelstaedt, 1990 ). The two experiments reported in this study are targeted towards critically examining this inter-relation between OCR and perceived visual orientation. The latter was assessed via the subjective visual vertical, SVV, which is determined when a subject judges the orientation of an indicator (e.g., a short line segment) as apparently vertical. The OCR was measured by using a video-oculographic system. In Experiment 1, a human centrifuge was used to test the effect of an increase of the gravito-inertial force (GIF) on SVV and OCR. Experiment 2 was inspired by the fact that OCR can also be elicited during “barbecue rotation”. Again, it was the aim to compare OCR and SVV in different body positions, such as pure roll and barbecue rotated tilts. The present study provides convincing experimental evidence that SVV is widely uninfluenced by the course of OCR. Increasing the GIF in Experiment 1 had a divergent effect on SVV and OCR; the gain of OCR increases whereas the SVV changed differently, at obtuse tilt angles even in the opposite direction. OCR and SVV were again found to dissociate in Experiment 2, which emphasizes the fact that the SVV and OCR are not controlled by the same neural mechanism, but rather use different spatial reference information.

scholarly journals Expansion of Visual Space During Optokinetic Afternystagmus (OKAN)

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 2470-2478 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Kaminiarz ◽  
Bart Krekelberg ◽  
Frank Bremmer
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Position Information ◽  
Fast Phase ◽  
Optokinetic Afternystagmus ◽  
Perceptual Stability ◽  
Voluntary Eye Movements ◽  
The Brain

The mechanisms underlying visual perceptual stability are usually investigated using voluntary eye movements. In such studies, errors in perceptual stability during saccades and pursuit are commonly interpreted as mismatches between actual eye position and eye-position signals in the brain. The generality of this interpretation could in principle be tested by investigating spatial localization during reflexive eye movements whose kinematics are very similar to those of voluntary eye movements. Accordingly, in this study, we determined mislocalization of flashed visual targets during optokinetic afternystagmus (OKAN). These eye movements are quite unique in that they occur in complete darkness and are generated by subcortical control mechanisms. We found that during horizontal OKAN slow phases, subjects mislocalize targets away from the fovea in the horizontal direction. This corresponds to a perceived expansion of visual space and is unlike mislocalization found for any other voluntary or reflexive eye movement. Around the OKAN fast phases, we found a bias in the direction of the fast phase prior to its onset and opposite to the fast-phase direction thereafter. Such a biphasic modulation has also been reported in the temporal vicinity of saccades and during optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). A direct comparison, however, showed that the modulation during OKAN was much larger and occurred earlier relative to fast-phase onset than during OKN. A simple mismatch between the current eye position and the eye-position signal in the brain is unlikely to explain such disparate results across similar eye movements. Instead, these data support the view that mislocalization arises from errors in eye-centered position information.

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