Competition between salience and informational value for saccade adaptation

The paper considers various interpretations of the essence of equity capital. The concept of equity capital is viewed from the perspective of property as a venture capital, i. e. business property, which does not guarantee profits and dividends, and for which there is no clear schedule of returning funds to investors and shareholders. The most common equity capital components in national and foreign practice are examined and compared. It is pointed out that the equity components mainly used in Ukraine are defined by the National Accounting Standards. Alternatively, the structure of equity capital components in foreign practice relies on the Conceptual Framework of Financial Statements, but it is further detailed by national standards of each country and depends on its policy and accounting characteristics. The structure of equity capital in foreign practice may be influenced by shareholders’ decisions on the establishment of funds (additional capital), allocation of profits, transactions with treasury shares. It is made clear that in most countries equity capital components include joint stock capital, surplus reserves, and retained profit. The article reviews the classification of equity capital, viewed as the key factor, and determines its influence on accounting principles and policies. It is concluded that in regulatory documents, there are no clear lines between types of equity capital. The paper also discusses various views of scholars on equity capital arrangement. It is found that in research works, equity capital is classified based on various characteristics, but the majority of researchers consider sources of equity capital to be the main criterion. In addition, there is no consensus among academics as to what types of equity capital can be singled out by the criterion described. Taking into consideration some proposals of scholars and foreign practice related to ac- counting of equity capital, the author develops a generalized structure of equity capital which is based on the sources of capital formation and includes: invested capital, particularly registered capital (statutory and mandatory share capital), corrective capital (unpaid and withdrawn capital), additional capital (capital received from investors for stock that exceeds the par value of the stock, i.e. additional equity capital); acquired capital (assets received for free, capital formed from revaluation of assets, other capital) and reinvested capital (retained profits (uncovered losses) and surplus reserves). The above equity structure can be used to prepare financial statements in order to increase its informational value. Proposals are given on how to improve methods for accounting of equity capital, in particular accounting of additional capital invested by founders in the account entitled “Non-registered investments of owners”.

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Analystss Reluctance to Voice Conservative Opinions and the Informational Value of Long-Term Earnings Growth Forecasts

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.2274534 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Kotaro Miwa ◽

Kazuhiro Ueda

Keyword(s):

Earnings Growth ◽

Informational Value ◽

Growth Forecasts

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Monetary Stabilization and the Informational Value of Monetary Aggregates

Journal of Political Economy ◽

10.1086/261046 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 90 (1) ◽

pp. 176-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jeremy J. Siegel

Keyword(s):

Monetary Aggregates ◽

Informational Value

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A viability criterion for computer system development projects

South African Journal of Business Management ◽

10.4102/sajbm.v15i3.1119 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 144-149

Author(s):

J. Mende

Keyword(s):

Computer System ◽

Cost Of Capital ◽

System Development ◽

Development Project ◽

Development Projects ◽

Organizational Growth ◽

Net Worth ◽

Development Costs ◽

Processing Cost ◽

Informational Value

A manager facing the decision whether to proceed with a proposed computer system development project needs to determine whether its benefits are worth more than its costs. This can be done by applying a simple mathematical formula to calculate the project's 'net worth', as the sum of the annual benefits obtainable during the system's life span, less its development costs. The formula recognizes that a system's annual benefit, comprising enhanced informational value plus reduction In data processing cost, will change as a result of obsolescence, cost of capital, organizational growth and learning.

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Mislocalization of stationary and flashed bars after saccadic inward and outward adaptation of reactive saccades

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00877.2011 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 107 (11) ◽

pp. 3062-3070 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Fabian Schnier ◽

Markus Lappe

Keyword(s):

Saccade Target ◽

Saccade Amplitude ◽

Presentation Duration ◽

Target Presentation ◽

Adaptation Mechanisms ◽

Long Duration ◽

Neuronal Mechanisms ◽

The Difference ◽

Saccade Adaptation

Recent studies have shown that saccadic inward adaptation (i.e., the shortening of saccade amplitude) and saccadic outward adaptation (i.e., the lengthening of saccade amplitude) rely on partially different neuronal mechanisms. There is increasing evidence that these differences are based on differences at the target registration or planning stages since outward but not inward adaptation transfers to hand-pointing and perceptual localization of flashed targets. Furthermore, the transfer of reactive saccade adaptation to long-duration overlap and scanning saccades is stronger after saccadic outward adaptation than that after saccadic inward adaptation, suggesting that modulated target registration stages during outward adaptation are increasingly used in the execution of saccades when the saccade target is visually available for a longer time. The difference in target presentation duration between reactive and scanning saccades is also linked to a difference in perceptual localization of different targets. Flashed targets are mislocalized after inward adaptation of reactive and scanning saccades but targets that are presented for a longer time (stationary targets) are mislocalized stronger after scanning than after reactive saccades. This link between perceptual localization and adaptation specificity suggests that mislocalization of stationary bars should be higher after outward than that after inward adaptation of reactive saccades. In the present study we test this prediction. We show that the relative amount of mislocalization of stationary versus flashed bars is higher after outward than that after inward adaptation of reactive saccades. Furthermore, during fixation stationary and flashed bars were mislocalized after outward but not after inward adaptation. Thus, our results give further evidence for different adaptation mechanisms between inward and outward adaptation and harmonize some recent research.

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