scholarly journals Contrast dependency of Gestalt proximity principle

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 444
Author(s):  
Lee Lin ◽  
Chien-Chung Chen
Keyword(s):  
Proximity Principle

scholarly journals Better state pictures facilitating state machine characteristic conjecture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dang Duy Bui ◽  
Kazuhiro Ogata
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Machines ◽  
Mutual Exclusion ◽  
State Machine ◽  
Formal Proof ◽  
The State ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Java Virtual Machines ◽  
Core Part ◽  
Proximity Principle

AbstractThe mutual exclusion protocol invented by Mellor-Crummey and Scott (called MCS protocol) is used to exemplify that state picture designs based on which the state machine graphical animation (SMGA) tool produces graphical animations should be better visualized. Variants of MCS protocol have been used in Java virtual machines and therefore the 2006 Edsger W. Dijkstra Prize in Distributed Computing went to their paper on MCS protocol. The new state picture design of a state machine formalizing MCS protocol is assessed based on Gestalt principles, more specifically proximity principle and similarity principle. We report on a core part of a formal verification case study in which the new state picture design and the SMGA tool largely contributed to the successful completion of the formal proof that MCS protocol enjoys the mutual exclusion property. The lessons learned acquired through our experiments are summarized as two groups of tips. The first group is some new tips on how to make state picture designs. The second one is some tips on how to conjecture state machine characteristics by using the SMGA tool. We also report on one more case study in which the state picture design has been made for the mutual exclusion protocol invented by Anderson (called Anderson protocol) and some characteristics of the protocol have been discovered based on the tips.

scholarly journals The ability of oriental magpies (Pica serica) to solve baited multiple-string problems

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9200
Author(s):  
Lin Wang ◽  
Jinxin Guo ◽  
Heng jiu Tian ◽  
Jinling Sui
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Middle Point ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Error Learning ◽  
String Problems ◽  
Proximity Principle ◽  
Continuity And Discontinuity ◽  
Side Bias

Background Baited multiple-string problems are commonly used in avian laboratory studies to evaluate complex cognition. Several bird species possess the ability to use a string pull for obtaining food. Methods We initially tested and trained 11 magpies to determine whether the oriental magpie (Pica sericia) possesses the ability to solve baited multiple-string problems. Eight of the birds obtained the bait by pulling, and were selected for formal multiple-string tasks in the second stage. Second stage tests were divided into seven tasks based on string configurations. Results Only two magpies were able to solve two tasks: one solved the task of parallel strings, and the other solved the task of slanted strings with the bait farther from the middle point between the two strings and selected the short string in the task of long-short strings. When faced with more difficult tasks (i.e., the task of slanted strings with the bait closer to the middle point between the two strings, the task with two crossing strings, and the task of continuity and discontinuity), the birds initially observed the tasks and chose instead to adopt simpler strategies based on the proximity principle, side bias strategies and trial-and-error learning. Our results indicate that the oriental magpie had a partial understanding of the principle of multiple-string problems but adopted simpler strategies.

Perceiving actions before they happen: Psychological dimensions scaffold neural action prediction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Allen Thornton ◽  
Diana Tamir
Keyword(s):  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Deep Learning Algorithm ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Future Behavior ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychological Dimensions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Proximity Principle ◽  
Action Representations ◽  
Current Behavior

The social world buzzes with action. People constantly walk, talk, eat, work, play, snooze, and so on. To interact with others successfully, we need to both recognize their current actions and predict their future actions. Here we used open fMRI data to test the hypothesis that people do both at the same time: when the brain perceives an action, it simultaneously encodes likely future actions. In the scanner, participants watched a naturalistic video. We automatically annotated the actions in that video using a deep learning algorithm, and then constructed a model which could decode participants’ action representations from multivoxel neural activity. Action representations here are defined as locations within a 6-dimensional action space identified by previous work. We hypothesized that within this space, actions are located close to other actions that they are likely to precede or follow. Using this proximity principle, we tested whether a participant’s representation of current actions predicted which actions actually occurred later in the video. Results indicated that neural representations correctly presaged actions later in the video, as-yet unseen by the participant. This finding suggests that the way the brain represents the others’ current behavior gives people an automatic glimpse into others’ future behavior.

Stereoscopic Illusion Based on the Proximity Principle

Perception ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 589-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas V Papathomas ◽  
Bela Julesz
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Interesting Property ◽  
Temporal Sequence ◽  
Horizontal Direction ◽  
Periodic Stimulus ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms ◽  
Depth Percept ◽  
Proximity Principle ◽  
Random Dot Pattern ◽  
Sawtooth Waveform

A class of ambiguous random-dot stereograms were created that share the following interesting property: Although the binocular disparity forms a periodic ‘sawtooth’ waveform as a function of row number (the disparity is constant for a given row), these stimuli yield a monotonically increasing depth percept along the rows. The random-dot pattern of each row is periodic along the horizontal direction for the purpose of producing an ambiguous depth percept. It is this ambiguity that makes it possible for the periodic stimulus to give rise to a monotonic percept. This monotonic percept is substantially enhanced when the rows are shown in temporal sequence instead of all being displayed together. Experiments are reported which indicate that this illusion is due to the proximity, or pulling, effect in stereopsis.

Variable satellite placement in spoken Dutch

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 548-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonah Rys ◽  
Ludovic De Cuypere
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Binomial Test ◽  
Relative Order ◽  
Semantic Relationship ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Exact Binomial Test ◽  
Relative Placement ◽  
Information Status ◽  
Proximity Principle

This article presents a corpus study of the variable placement of adverbial satellites in spoken Dutch. It is widely contended that the relative order of satellites is motivated by three general principles: information status, length and the proximity principle. The proximity principle maintains that the placement of satellites is motivated by their semantic relationship with the sentence verb. We investigated the effect of the proximity principle on the relative placement of 8 different satellite classes based on a corpus sample of 202 combinations of two satellites retrieved from the Corpus of Spoken Dutch. The exact binomial test was used to evaluate the statistical significance of the observed orders. Our main results corroborate the hypothesis that the proximity principle influences satellite ordering. We also found, however, that the placement of certain satellite classes appeared very restricted, which suggests that the proximity principle does not play an active role in their placement.

Port State Jurisdiction over Labour Conditions: A Private International Law Perspective on Extra-territoriality

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Carballo Piñeiro
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
The State ◽  
State Courts ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Conflict Of Laws ◽  
Employment Contract ◽  
Subsidiarity Principle ◽  
Employment Legislation ◽  
Proximity Principle

Whereas flag states are primarily responsible for living and labour conditions on board ships flying their flag, port state jurisdiction on board foreign-flagged ships is still uncertain from both a public and a private international law perspective. This paper focuses on the latter, to ascertain in which cases port state courts and domestic employment legislation decide on maritime employment contract matters. This may help to establish to what extent the extra-territorial exercise of port state jurisdiction is reasonable: adjudicatory jurisdiction and conflict-of-laws rules are construed on the basis of the proximity principle and thus strive to point out the state with the strongest link to the case at stake. However, the establishment of the port state legal system as the closest one to maritime employment usually amounts to setting the flag state aside, meaning that the subsidiarity principle takes over in determining the extra-territorial application of port state jurisdiction.

scholarly journals The Swahili Noun Phrase in its Sentential Aspect

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-43
Author(s):  
Amani Lusekelo
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Determiner Phrases ◽  
Bare Nouns ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Proximity Principle ◽  
Minimalist Syntax

This paper articulates the syntactic properties of nouns in Swahili in relation to functional projections which are associated with both concord in determiner phrases and agreement in inflectional phrases. With regards to realisation of syntactic properties in Bantu noun phrases, three claims had been suggested based on different approaches, vis-à-vis the use of pre-prefix to denote discourse-based information about (in)definiteness, indication of phi-features in minimalist syntax by using the nominal prefix, and determination by demonstratives and possessives as supported by head proximity principle. Findings from Swahili texts point towards the fact that bare nouns receive either definite interpretation or indefinite reading depending on the context of communication. Therefore, the definite–indefinite distinction is not provided by physical linguistic materials, but by discourse-based contexts. Even when a demonstrative and/or possessive is used, it is the context of communication which situates the specific referent rather than the lexical entities. Findings indicate that the choice between demonstratives and possessives in determinations of Swahili NPs is also context bound.

scholarly journals Sound Source Separation Mechanisms of Different Deep Networks Explained from the Perspective of Auditory Perception

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 832
Author(s):  
Han Li ◽  
Kean Chen ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Jianben Liu ◽  
Baoquan Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sound Source ◽  
Auditory Perception ◽  
Source Separation ◽  
Frequency Resolution ◽  
Scale Invariant ◽  
Universal System ◽  
Separation Mechanisms ◽  
Sound Source Separation ◽  
Deep Networks ◽  
Proximity Principle

Thanks to the development of deep learning, various sound source separation networks have been proposed and made significant progress. However, the study on the underlying separation mechanisms is still in its infancy. In this study, deep networks are explained from the perspective of auditory perception mechanisms. For separating two arbitrary sound sources from monaural recordings, three different networks with different parameters are trained and achieve excellent performances. The networks’ output can obtain an average scale-invariant signal-to-distortion ratio improvement (SI-SDRi) higher than 10 dB, comparable with the human performance to separate natural sources. More importantly, the most intuitive principle—proximity—is explored through simultaneous and sequential organization experiments. Results show that regardless of network structures and parameters, the proximity principle is learned spontaneously by all networks. If components are proximate in frequency or time, they are not easily separated by networks. Moreover, the frequency resolution at low frequencies is better than at high frequencies. These behavior characteristics of all three networks are highly consistent with those of the human auditory system, which implies that the learned proximity principle is not accidental, but the optimal strategy selected by networks and humans when facing the same task. The emergence of the auditory-like separation mechanisms provides the possibility to develop a universal system that can be adapted to all sources and scenes.

scholarly journals Acquisition of the Proximity Principle by Korean Speakers

English21 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-263
Author(s):  
Kim,Gui-Seok ◽  
안길순
Keyword(s):  
Korean Speakers ◽  
Proximity Principle
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