scholarly journals Attachment Avoidance and Visual Attention for Emotional Faces over Time

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Shayne Sanscartier ◽  
Jessica Maxwell ◽  
Eric Taylor ◽  
Penelope Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Attachment Avoidance ◽  
Emotional Faces ◽  
Over Time

No effect of attachment avoidance on visual disengagement from a romantic partner’s face

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 2166-2183
Author(s):  
Shayne Sanscartier ◽  
Jessica A. Maxwell ◽  
Penelope Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Romantic Partner ◽  
Saccadic Reaction Time ◽  
Attachment Avoidance ◽  
Emotional Faces ◽  
Attachment Orientations ◽  
Romantic Attachments ◽  
Visual Disengagement

Attachment avoidance (discomfort with closeness and intimacy) has been inconsistently linked to visual disengagement from emotional faces, with some studies finding disengagement toward specific emotional faces and others finding no effects. Although most studies use stranger faces as stimuli, it is likely that attachment effects would be most pronounced in the context of attachment relationships. The present study ( N = 92) combined ecologically valid stimuli (i.e., pictures of romantic partner’s face) with eye-tracking methods to more precisely test whether highly avoidant individuals are faster at disengaging from emotional faces. Unexpectedly, attachment avoidance had no effect on saccadic reaction time, regardless of face type or emotion. Instead, all participants took longer to disengage from romantic partner faces than from strangers’ faces, although this effect should be replicated in the future. Our results suggest that romantic attachments capture visual attention on an oculomotor level, regardless of one’s personal attachment orientations.

scholarly journals Glimpse: A Gaze-Based Measure of Temporal Salience

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3099
Author(s):  
V. Javier Traver ◽  
Judith Zorío ◽  
Luis A. Leiva
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Temporal Consistency ◽  
Visual Salience ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Spatial Perspective ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Scoring Algorithms ◽  
Over Time

Temporal salience considers how visual attention varies over time. Although visual salience has been widely studied from a spatial perspective, its temporal dimension has been mostly ignored, despite arguably being of utmost importance to understand the temporal evolution of attention on dynamic contents. To address this gap, we proposed Glimpse, a novel measure to compute temporal salience based on the observer-spatio-temporal consistency of raw gaze data. The measure is conceptually simple, training free, and provides a semantically meaningful quantification of visual attention over time. As an extension, we explored scoring algorithms to estimate temporal salience from spatial salience maps predicted with existing computational models. However, these approaches generally fall short when compared with our proposed gaze-based measure. Glimpse could serve as the basis for several downstream tasks such as segmentation or summarization of videos. Glimpse’s software and data are publicly available.

Does What We See Shape History? Examining Workload History as a Function of Performance and Ambient/Focal Visual Attention

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Shannon P. Devlin ◽  
Jennifer K. Byham ◽  
Sara Lu Riggs
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
History Effects ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Workload History ◽  
Over Time

Changes in task demands can have delayed adverse impacts on performance. This phenomenon, known as the workload history effect, is especially of concern in dynamic work domains where operators manage fluctuating task demands. The existing workload history literature does not depict a consistent picture regarding how these effects manifest, prompting research to consider measures that are informative on the operator's process. One promising measure is visual attention patterns, due to its informativeness on various cognitive processes. To explore its ability to explain workload history effects, participants completed a task in an unmanned aerial vehicle command and control testbed where workload transitioned gradually and suddenly. The participants’ performance and visual attention patterns were studied over time to identify workload history effects. The eye-tracking analysis consisted of using a recently developed eye-tracking metric called coefficient K , as it indicates whether visual attention is more focal or ambient. The performance results found workload history effects, but it depended on the workload level, time elapsed, and performance measure. The eye-tracking analysis suggested performance suffered when focal attention was deployed during low workload, which was an unexpected finding. When synthesizing these results, they suggest unexpected visual attention patterns can impact performance immediately over time. Further research is needed; however, this work shows the value of including a real-time visual attention measure, such as coefficient K , as a means to understand how the operator manages varying task demands in complex work environments.

scholarly journals Sexual Nostalgia as a Response to Unmet Sexual and Relational Needs: The Role of Attachment Avoidance

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1538-1552
Author(s):  
Amy Muise ◽  
James J. Kim ◽  
Anik Debrot ◽  
Emily A. Impett ◽  
Geoff MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Sexual Desire ◽  
Relationship Status ◽  
Sexual Experiences ◽  
Sexual Fantasies ◽  
Attachment Avoidance ◽  
Over Time

Romantic relationships help people meet needs for connection and emotional and sexual fulfillment. In the current research, we investigate an unexplored response to feeling sexually and relationally unfulfilled: reflecting on positive sexual experiences with past partners (or sexual nostalgia). Across three studies, people low in attachment avoidance (i.e., comfortable with closeness) who were (a) single or (b) sexually or relationally dissatisfied reported greater sexual nostalgia, whereas people high in attachment avoidance (i.e., value autonomy) did not calibrate their feelings of sexual nostalgia based on their current relationship status or satisfaction. Sexual fantasies about past partners (i.e., sexual nostalgia) were distinct from other types of sexual fantasies (Study 1) and the effects could not be attributed to general nostalgia (Study 2) or sexual desire (Study 3). Chronic sexual nostalgia detracted from satisfaction over time. The findings have implications for theories of nostalgia and attachment and for managing unfulfilled needs in relationships.

scholarly journals Fostering Attachment Security: The Role of Interdependent Situations

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7648
Author(s):  
Francesca Righetti ◽  
Daniel Balliet ◽  
Catherine Molho ◽  
Simon Columbus ◽  
Ruddy Faure ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Security ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Attachment Avoidance ◽  
Interdependence Theory ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Future Outcomes ◽  
Theory Framework ◽  
Over Time

This work adopts an Interdependence Theory framework to investigate how the features of interdependent situations that couples face in their daily life (i.e., situations in which partners influence each other’s outcomes) shape attachment security toward their current partners. An experience sampling study examined attachment tendencies and features of interdependent situations that people experience with their partner in daily life to predict satisfaction and trust in their relationship, and changes in attachment avoidance and anxiety toward their partner over time. Results revealed that encountering situations with corresponding outcomes (i.e., situations in which both partners have the same preferences) and with information certainty (i.e., situations in which there is clear knowledge of each partner’s preferences) assuage people’s insecurity. On the contrary, situations of mutual current and future interdependence (i.e., situations in which each person’s current or future outcomes are dependent on their partner’s behavior) undermined security for anxiously attached individuals. Power (i.e., the asymmetry in partners’ dependence) was not related to attachment security. This work underscores the importance of studying the role of the situations that partners experience in their daily life and the way they are related to relationship feelings and cognitions.

scholarly journals Maintaining Visual Attention over Time: Effects of Object Continuity

i-Perception ◽  
10.1068/ic207 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-207
Author(s):  
Katsumi Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Time Effects ◽  
Over Time

9. Within-Object Attentional Allocation Biases

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie McGlynn
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Attentional Allocation ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Attention Shifts

This study involved two experiments. The goal of the first was to evaluate how visual attention is distributed spatially within an object, and how a spatial distribution may change over time. We accomplished this by having people press a button as soon as they noticed a target appear at various onset times and locations within an arch-shaped object. In the second experiment, we extended the arch-object and cued one end of it, in order to examine whether attention is biased to follow the shape of an object even if such a mechanism reduces the efficiency of a visual search. Results from the first experiment indicate that initially, there is no attentional bias to any location within an object. However, as looking time increases, a developing bias to the centre of objects occurs before attention adopts a strategic spatial distribution within the object. Results from the second experiment indicate that after attention is captured by a cued area, attention shifts away from the cued location. The path attention takes from the cued area is not constrained within the object. With increased time, however, attention does not move back to the cued location. Therefore, although attention is not constrained to follow the shape of the object one focuses on, it seems that the efficiency of a visual search is still jeopardized due to reluctance for attention to move to previously attended locations.

Allocation of Driver Attention for Varying In-Vehicle System Modalities

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1349-1364
Author(s):  
Ning Li ◽  
Linda Ng Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Response Time ◽  
User Interfaces ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Attention Allocation ◽  
Cognitive Workload ◽  
Hybrid Mode ◽  
Visual Component ◽  
Response Task ◽  
Over Time

Objective This paper examines drivers’ allocation of attention using response time to a tactile detection response task (TDRT) while interacting with an in-vehicle information system (IVIS) over time. Background Longer TDRT response time is associated with higher cognitive workload. However, it is not clear what role is assumed by the human and system in response to varying in-vehicle environments over time. Method A driving simulator study with 24 participants was conducted with a restaurant selection task of two difficulty levels (easy and hard) presented in three modalities (audio only, visual only, hybrid). A linear mixed-effects model was applied to identify factors that affect TDRT response time. A nonparametric time-series model was also used to explore the visual attention allocation under the hybrid mode over time. Results The visual-only mode significantly increased participants’ response time compared with the audio-only mode. Females took longer to respond to the TDRT when engaged with an IVIS. The study showed that participants tend to use the visual component more toward the end of the easy tasks, whereas the visual mode was used more at the beginning of the harder tasks. Conclusion The visual-only mode of the IVIS increased drivers’ cognitive workload when compared with the auditory-only mode. Drivers showed different visual attention allocation during the easy and hard restaurant selection tasks in the hybrid mode. Application The findings can help guide the design of automotive user interfaces and help manage cognitive workload.

scholarly journals Attending and inhibiting stimuli that match the contents of visual working memory: Evidence from eye movements and pupillometry

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastiaan Mathôt ◽  
Elle Van Heusden ◽  
Stefan Van der Stigchel
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Attention Bias ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

When you keep a red apple in working memory, your attention is usually—but not always—attracted by other red objects. The conditions under which the contents of visual working memory guide visual attention are still unclear. Here we tested whether attention is indeed biased toward memory-match stimuli, and, if so, whether this bias is transient or sustained. We used a new pupillometric technique, which exploits that the pupil is larger when you covertly attend to dark, compared to bright, stimuli. This allowed us to test whether and when attention was biased toward memory-match stimuli, by placing them either on a dark or a bright background, while measuring pupil size over time. We found that the eyes were captured by memory-match probes early on in the trial. However, the pupillary data suggested that there was no sustained attention bias toward memory-match probes later in time; rather, attention appeared to be biased away from them. Together, our results suggest that: (1) memory-match stimuli automatically capture attention; but (2) they do so only briefly; and (3) they may even become inhibited later in time.

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