scholarly journals Predictive coding of auditory and contextual information in early visual cortex – evidence from layer specific fMRI brain reading

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Muckli ◽  
Luca Vizioli ◽  
Lucy Petro ◽  
Federico De Martino ◽  
Petra Vetter
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Early Visual Cortex

Predictive coding for motion stimuli in human early visual cortex

2014 ◽  
Vol 221 (2) ◽  
pp. 879-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter Schellekens ◽  
Richard J. A. van Wezel ◽  
Natalia Petridou ◽  
Nick F. Ramsey ◽  
Mathijs Raemaekers
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Early Visual Cortex

Selection of events in time enhances activity throughout early visual cortex

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (12) ◽  
pp. 3239-3252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khena M. Swallow ◽  
Tal Makovski ◽  
Yuhong V. Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Target Tone ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
System Selection ◽  
Selection Of

Temporal selection poses unique challenges to the perceptual system. Selection is needed to protect goal-relevant stimuli from interference from new sensory input. In addition, contextual information that occurs at the same time as goal-relevant stimuli may be critical for learning. Using fMRI, we characterized how visual cortical regions respond to the temporal selection of auditory and visual stimuli. Critically, we focused on brain regions that are not involved in processing the target itself. Participants pressed a button when they heard a prespecified target tone and did not respond to other tones. Although more attention was directed to auditory input when the target tone was selected, activity in primary visual cortex increased more after target tones than after distractor tones. In contrast to spatial attention, this effect was larger in V1 than in V2 and V3. It was present in regions not typically involved in representing the target stimulus. Additional experiments demonstrated that these effects were not due to multimodal processing, rare targets, or motor responses to the targets. Thus temporal selection of behaviorally relevant stimuli enhances, rather than reduces, activity in perceptual regions involved in processing other information.

scholarly journals Decoding the future from past experience: learning shapes predictions in early visual cortex

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (9) ◽  
pp. 3159-3171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline D. B. Luft ◽  
Alan Meeson ◽  
Andrew E. Welchman ◽  
Zoe Kourtzi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sequence Structure ◽  
Neural Populations ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
Temporal Structures ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Sensory Predictions ◽  
Actual Stimulus ◽  
The Brain

Learning the structure of the environment is critical for interpreting the current scene and predicting upcoming events. However, the brain mechanisms that support our ability to translate knowledge about scene statistics to sensory predictions remain largely unknown. Here we provide evidence that learning of temporal regularities shapes representations in early visual cortex that relate to our ability to predict sensory events. We tested the participants' ability to predict the orientation of a test stimulus after exposure to sequences of leftward- or rightward-oriented gratings. Using fMRI decoding, we identified brain patterns related to the observers' visual predictions rather than stimulus-driven activity. Decoding of predicted orientations following structured sequences was enhanced after training, while decoding of cued orientations following exposure to random sequences did not change. These predictive representations appear to be driven by the same large-scale neural populations that encode actual stimulus orientation and to be specific to the learned sequence structure. Thus our findings provide evidence that learning temporal structures supports our ability to predict future events by reactivating selective sensory representations as early as in primary visual cortex.

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