scholarly journals Individual differences in visual lexical decision are highly correlated with orientation tuning

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 173-173
Author(s):  
J. Duncan ◽  
J. Royer ◽  
G. Forest ◽  
D. Fiset
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Orientation Tuning ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Visual Lexical Decision

Estimation of premorbid intelligence and executive cognitive functions with lexical reading tasks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Pluck
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Stem Completion ◽  
Clinical Neuropsychology ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence ◽  
Highly Correlated

Introduction: Estimation of premorbid function is essential to accurate assessment of cognitive impairments in clinical neuropsychology and behavioral neurology, and has numerous research applications. However, current methods are rudimentary and imperfect. We explored how lexical tasks can be best used to accurately and precisely estimate intelligence and executive functions.Methods: We studied lexical word pronunciation, lexical decision, and stem-completion naming in the estimation of cognitive ability, in samples of healthy adults (n = 143), and patients with cognitive impairment due to neurological illness (n =15). Cognitive assessments included intelligence (WAIS-IV), episodic memory, and eight tests of executive functioning, including Theory of Mind.Results: When examined at the group level, single word pronunciation was particularly robust in the presence of cognitive impairment in patients with dementia. However, as a case series, patients showed idiosyncratic patterns of preservation of lexical skills including on tests of pronunciation, lexical decision and stem-completion naming. All of these tasks were highly correlated with IQ scores in a non-clinical sample, suggesting that they could be used as estimators of premorbid intelligence. Simulated impairments in non-clinical controls suggested that the median score from the three different tasks had the highest correlation with, and provided the most accurate and precise estimates of, intelligence, and was also the least sensitive to impairment. Finally, we show that these methods also predict executive functions, in particular, strong correlations were found for proverb interpretation, phonemic/semantic alternating verbal fluency, and working memory span performance. Conclusions: Several lexical tasks are potentially useful in predication of pre-illness cognitive ability in patients with neurological or psychiatric illness. However, due to the heterogeneity of impairments between patients, estimation of premorbid levels could be improved by the use of the median estimated values from multiple tests. This could potentially improve diagnostic accuracy and quantification of neuropsychological impairments.

An fMRI study of visual lexical decision in patients with schizophrenia and clinical high-risk individuals

2014 ◽  
Vol 157 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 218-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsunobu Natsubori ◽  
Ryu-ichiro Hashimoto ◽  
Noriaki Yahata ◽  
Hideyuki Inoue ◽  
Yosuke Takano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Clinical High Risk ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Visual Lexical Decision

scholarly journals Genetic Influences on Individual Differences in Nicotine Glucuronidation

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina N. Lessov-Schlaggar ◽  
Neal L. Benowitz ◽  
Peyton Jacob ◽  
Gary E. Swan
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Renal Clearance ◽  
Parent Drug ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Nicotine Pharmacokinetics ◽  
Oxidative Metabolites ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Genetically Determined

AbstractNicotine and its primary oxidative metabolites are metabolized in part by glucuronidation. Genetic variation in UGT isoenzymes that catalyze glucuronidation activity suggests that variation in glucuronidation rate is in part genetically determined. The relative contribution of genetic and environmental sources to individual differences in the rate of glucuronidation of nicotine, cotinine, and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine was estimated in a twin study of nicotine pharmacokinetics. Glucuronidation rate was defined using measures that either accounted for variability in renal clearance or assumed the same relative renal clearance of parent drug and glucuronide conjugate across individuals. The former definition resulted in highly correlated nicotine and cotinine glucuronidation measures that were substantially influenced by the combined effect of additive (heritable) and non-additive (dominant and epistatic) genetic effects. These findings suggest that genetic variation in UGT isoenzymes that act in additive and interactive ways is an important determinant of individual variability in nicotine and cotinine metabolism via glucuronidation pathways.

Visual and Auditory Recognition of Prefixed Words

1986 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Taft ◽  
Gail Hambly ◽  
Sachiko Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Cohort Model ◽  
Auditory Recognition ◽  
Prefixed Words ◽  
Visual Lexical Decision

The involvement of stem storage and prefix stripping in the recognition of spoken and printed prefixed words was examined. In both an auditory and a visual lexical decision experiment, it was found that prefixed nonwords were more difficult to classify as nonwords than were non-prefixed nonwords. This difference was larger, though, when the “stem” of the nonword was a genuine stem in English (e.g., dejoice versus tejoice) than when it was not (e.g., dejouse versus tejouse). The results suggest that prefixed words are recognized via a representation of their stem after the prefix has been removed, and this is true regardless of the modality of presentation of the word. Implications are considered for the Cohort model of spoken word recognition.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Transportation into Narrative Drama

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline M. Thompson ◽  
Ben Teasdale ◽  
Sophie Duncan ◽  
Evert van Emde Boas ◽  
Felix Budelmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Audience Response ◽  
Psychological Study ◽  
Behavior Study ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Attribution Of Blame ◽  
Explained Variation ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Film Genres

Transportation, the experience of feeling “transported” into a fictional world, differs widely across individuals. We examined transportation in 3 studies. Study 1 investigated links between individual differences in various measures of audience response, whereas the latter 2 studies examined links between trait measures (independent variables) and audience response (dependent variables). Study 1 found that individual differences in self-reported transportation to a film explained variation in virtually all other dependent measures, such as identification with characters, emotion, and attribution of blame for the protagonist's struggles. Group bonding after watching the film was nonlinearly related to endorphin response (as measured by pain threshold), and transportation related to these variables as well (although more weakly). Study 2 found that individual differences in celebrity worship predicted transportation, as well as tendency to identify with the characters and approve of their behavior. Study 3 demonstrated that individual differences in trait measures of sensation seeking and empathy independently predicted viewers’ transportation in 2 very different film genres. Transportation measures for both films were highly correlated, suggesting that tendency to be transported may be less genre-specific than other dependent measures. Altogether, these results illustrate the usefulness of individual differences approaches in the psychological study of fiction.

Well‐being and the accessibility of pleasant and unpleasant concepts

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Borkenau ◽  
Nadine Mauer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Related Concept ◽  
Trait Affect ◽  
Negative Trait ◽  
Decision Times

The trait–congruency hypothesis predicts that persons high in positive or negative trait affect more readily process pleasant or unpleasant stimuli, respectively. In two studies, participants were administered measures of personality and affect. Moreover, a yes/no lexical decision task with pleasant, unpleasant and neutral words was administered in Study 1, whereas a go/no‐go task was used in Study 2. Several methods to increase reliabilities of differences in reaction times are explored. Correlations of measures of personality and trait affect with decision times were mostly consistent with the trait–congruency hypothesis, particularly for decision times in the go/no‐go task that measured individual differences in valence‐specific decision times more reliably. The findings suggest that trait‐related concept accessibility is one source of trait congruity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Individual differences at 20 months: analytic and holistic strategies in language acquisition

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge Bretherton ◽  
Sandra McNew ◽  
Lynn Snyder ◽  
Elizabeth Bates
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Holistic Processing ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Partial Support ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Acquisition Strategies ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Using Data

ABSTRACTThe study focuses on the language abilities of 30 20-month-old children, using data from two sources: a detailed maternal interview and 90 minutes of videotaped observation. Observed language was coded into the categories used for the interview. Production and comprehension at 28 months (MLU, PPVT and morphology comprehension) were also assessed. Observation and interview data at 20 months were highly intercorrelated. Cluster analyses of both data sets yielded referential, grammatical morpheme and dialogue clusters, providing partial support for the nominal/pronominal and referential/expressive acquisition styles reported in the literature. However, the referential and grammatical morpheme clusters were highly correlated, suggesting that two acquisition strategies are developing in parallel. Only for those children who heavily emphasize one strategy can one speak of a distinctive style. All interview and observation clusters predicted 28-months MLU, but the grammatical morpheme clusters did not predict later performance on a Grammatical Morpheme Test. It is tentatively suggested that holistic processing strategies underlie the pronominal/expressive style.

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