scholarly journals The role of time in human decision-making

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 305-305
Author(s):  
M. Popovic ◽  
M. Lengyel ◽  
J. Fiser
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Decision

scholarly journals The Effects of Situational and Individual Factors on Algorithm Acceptance in COVID-19-Related Decision-Making: A Preregistered Online Experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 27-46
Author(s):  
Sonja Utz ◽  
Lara Wolfers ◽  
Anja Göritz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Online Experiment ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Attitudes And Knowledge

In times of the COVID-19 pandemic, difficult decisions such as the distribution of ventilators must be made. For many of these decisions, humans could team up with algorithms; however, people often prefer human decision-makers. We examined the role of situational (morality of the scenario; perspective) and individual factors (need for leadership; conventionalism) for algorithm preference in a preregistered online experiment with German adults (n = 1,127). As expected, algorithm preference was lowest in the most moral-laden scenario. The effect of perspective (i.e., decision-makers vs. decision targets) was only significant in the most moral scenario. Need for leadership predicted a stronger algorithm preference, whereas conventionalism was related to weaker algorithm preference. Exploratory analyses revealed that attitudes and knowledge also mattered, stressing the importance of individual factors.

The Role of Executive Function in Shaping Reinforcement Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Rmus ◽  
Samuel McDougle ◽  
Anne Collins
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Instrumental Behavior ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Neural Computations ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Reinforcement learning (RL) models have advanced our understanding of how animals learn and make decisions, and how the brain supports some aspects of learning. However, the neural computations that are explained by RL algorithms fall short of explaining many sophisticated aspects of human decision making, including the generalization of learned information, one-shot learning, and the synthesis of task information in complex environments. Instead, these aspects of instrumental behavior are assumed to be supported by the brain’s executive functions (EF). We review recent findings that highlight the importance of EF in learning. Specifically, we advance the theory that EF sets the stage for canonical RL computations in the brain, providing inputs that broaden their flexibility and applicability. Our theory has important implications for how to interpret RL computations in the brain and behavior.

Complexity, Bounded Rationality and Heuristic Search

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bentley MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Heuristic Search ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Heuristic Function ◽  
Heuristic Search Algorithms ◽  
Human Decision

Abstract This paper explores the use of heuristic search algorithms for modeling human decision making. It is shown that this algorithm is consistent with many observed behavioral regularities, and may help explain deviations from rational choice. The main insight is that the heuristic function can be viewed as formal implementation of one aspect of emotion as discussed in Descarte's Error by Antonio Damasio. Consistent with Damasio's observations, it is shown that the quality of decision making is very sensitive to the nature of the heuristic ("emotion"), and hence this may help us better understand the role of emotion in rational choice theory.

Tactical Considerations1

2020 ◽  
pp. 154-190
Author(s):  
Seth W. Stoughton ◽  
Jeffrey J. Noble ◽  
Geoffrey P. Alpert
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Active Shooter ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Effects Of Stress ◽  
Police Tactics

Officers do not use force in a vacuum. It has long been recognized that a use of force is not the result of a single decision, but rather of “a contingent sequence of decisions and resulting behaviors—each increasing or decreasing the probability of an eventual use of … force.” How officers approach a situation, then, can affect whether and how they use force. Tactics are the techniques and procedures that officers use to protect themselves and community members. This chapter provides a framework for assessing police tactics, then offers an in-depth discussion of core tactical concepts. It explains why time is the single most important tactical consideration, details the effects of stress on human decision making, and illustrates how officers use tactical choices to “create time” and how they can use that time to minimize their need to use force. The chapter concludes by exploring the role of police tactics in three very different situations: arrests, crisis interventions, and active-shooter situations.

Emotions in Offender Decision Making

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Louis van Gelder
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Cognitive Sciences ◽  
Offending Behavior ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Understanding Emotions ◽  
Crime Causation

This chapter examines the influence of emotions on offender decision making. It reviews the empirical and theoretical criminological literature on the role of emotions in crime causation but also draws from other disciplines in the behavioral and cognitive sciences that have examined the influence of emotions on human decision making. Specific attention is devoted to appraisal theories of emotion, which, it is argued, provide a useful theoretical framework for studying and understanding emotions in criminal contexts. In doing so, it is shown that criminal decision-making research and theorizing may have so far failed to fully acknowledge the influence of emotions on offending behavior.

scholarly journals Coherent lower and upper conditional previsions defined by Hausdorff inner and outer measures to represent the role of conscious and unconscious thought in human decision making

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Doria
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hausdorff Dimension ◽  
Partial Information ◽  
Conjunction Fallacy ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
Outer Measure ◽  
Unconscious Thought ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Conditioning Event

AbstractThe model of coherent lower and upper conditional previsions, based on Hausdorff inner and outer measures, is proposed to represent the preference orderings and the equivalences, respectively assigned by the conscious and unconscious thought in human decision making under uncertainty. Complexity of partial information is represented by the Hausdorff dimension of the conditioning event. When the events, that describe the decision problem, are measurable is represented to the s-dimensional Hausdorff outer measure, where s is the Hausdorff dimension of the conditioning event, an optimal decision can be reached. The model is applied and discussed in Linda’s Problem and the conjunction fallacy is resolved.

scholarly journals How Neurobiology Elucidates the Role of Emotions in Financial Decision-Making

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Bossaerts
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Financial Decision Making ◽  
Financial Trading ◽  
Human Choice ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Financial Decision ◽  
Behavior Based

Over the last 15 years, a revolution has been taking place in neuroscience, whereby models and methods of economics have led to deeper insights into the neurobiological foundations of human decision-making. These have revealed a number of widespread mis-conceptions, among others, about the role of emotions. Furthermore, the findings suggest that a purely behavior-based approach to studying decisions may miss crucial features of human choice long appreciated in biology, such as Pavlovian approach. The findings could help economists formalize elusive concepts such as intuition, as I show here for financial “trading intuition.”

Editors’ Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Bernasco ◽  
Henk Elffers ◽  
Jean-Louis van Gelder
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Criminal Conduct

Decision making is central to all human behavior, including criminal conduct. Virtually every discussion about crime or law enforcement is guided by beliefs about how people make decisions in one way or another. This interdisciplinary handbook integrates insights about the role of human decision making as it relates to crime. It contains reviews of the main theories of offender decision making and also reviews of empirical evidence on topics as diverse as desistance, crime locations, co-offending, victimization, and criminal methods and tools. It further includes in-depth treatments of the principal research methods for studying offender decision making and a series of chapters on specific types of crime.

The Role of Cognitive Bias in Breast Radiology Diagnostic and Judgment Errors

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-389
Author(s):  
Vilert A Loving ◽  
Elizabeth M Valencia ◽  
Bhavika Patel ◽  
Brian S Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Gambler’S Fallacy ◽  
Satisfaction Of Search ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Cognitive bias is an unavoidable aspect of human decision-making. In breast radiology, these biases contribute to missed or erroneous diagnoses and mistaken judgments. This article introduces breast radiologists to eight cognitive biases commonly encountered in breast radiology: anchoring, availability, commission, confirmation, gambler’s fallacy, omission, satisfaction of search, and outcome. In addition to illustrative cases, this article offers suggestions for radiologists to better recognize and counteract these biases at the individual level and at the organizational level.

scholarly journals Modulating OFC Activity With tDCS Alters Regret About Human Decision-Making

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Yu ◽  
Xinbo Lu ◽  
Yuyou Chen ◽  
Hang Ye ◽  
Lulu Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Emotional Intensity ◽  
Making Choices ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Cathodal Stimulation ◽  
Over Time

Regret is a common emotion in daily life. Humans always regret their decision-making choices if the chosen outcome is bad. Neuroscientific studies suggest that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) influences feelings of regret. We used a transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) device to study the role of regret in participants’ decision-making by modulating the activity of the OFC. The two-wheel-of-fortune gamble task was used in our experimental design, and we asked the participants to rate their feelings of regret after the computer presented the obtained and unobtained outcomes. The experimental results revealed that the effect of stimulation type was significant, which indicated that the influence of the OFC in regret was modulated by tDCS. Furthermore, based on post hoc analyses (Bonferroni), regret was lower in those who received left anodal/right cathodal stimulation than in those who received sham stimulation, which revealed that modulating the activity of the OFC reduced the emotional intensity of regret. In addition, an inverted U-shaped curve characterized the mean ratings of regret over time.

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