scholarly journals Estimating motion parallax during fixational head movements

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 924-924
Author(s):  
M. Aytekin ◽  
M. Rucci
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Head Movements

Apparent Depth with Retinal Image Motion of Expansion and Contraction Yoked to Head Movement

Perception ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 937-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takanao Yajima ◽  
Hiroyasu Ujike ◽  
Keiji Uchikawa
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Apparent Depth ◽  
Motion Cues ◽  
Relative Expansion ◽  
Retinal Image Motion ◽  
Self Motion

The two main questions addressed in this study were (a) what effect does yoking the relative expansion and contraction (EC) of retinal images to forward and backward head movements have on the resultant magnitude and stability of perceived depth, and (b) how does this relative EC image motion interact with the depth cues of motion parallax? Relative EC image motion was produced by moving a small CCD camera toward and away from the stimulus, two random-dot surfaces separated in depth, in synchrony with the observers' forward and backward head movements. Observers viewed the stimuli monocularly, on a helmet-mounted display, while moving their heads at various velocities, including zero velocity. The results showed that (a) the magnitude of perceived depth was smaller with smaller head velocities (<10 cm s−1), including the zero-head-velocity condition, than with a larger velocity (10 cm s−1), and (b) perceived depth, when motion parallax and the EC image motion cues were simultaneously presented, is equal to the greater of the two possible perceived depths produced from either of these two cues alone. The results suggested the role of nonvisual information of self-motion on perceiving depth.

scholarly journals Depth percept from motion parallax by backward/forward head movements

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1180-1180
Author(s):  
M. Ishii ◽  
M. Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Depth Percept

scholarly journals Distance estimation from monocular cues in an ethological visuomotor task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip R L Parker ◽  
Eliott T T Abe ◽  
Natalie T Beatie ◽  
Emmalyn S P Leonard ◽  
Dylan M Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Stereo Vision ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Visuomotor Task ◽  
Head Fixation

In natural contexts, sensory processing and motor output are closely coupled, which is reflected in the fact that many brain areas contain both sensory and movement signals. However, standard reductionist paradigms decouple sensory decisions from their natural motor consequences, and head-fixation prevents the natural sensory consequences of self-motion. In particular, movement through the environment provides a number of depth cues beyond stereo vision that are poorly understood. To study the integration of visual processing and motor output in a naturalistic task, we investigated distance estimation in freely moving mice. We found that mice use vision to accurately jump across a variable gap, thus directly coupling a visual computation to its corresponding ethological motor output. Monocular eyelid suture did not affect performance, thus mice can use cues that do not depend on binocular disparity and stereo vision. Under monocular conditions, mice performed more vertical head movements, consistent with the use of motion parallax cues, and optogenetic suppression of primary visual cortex impaired task performance. Together, these results show that mice can use monocular cues, relying on visual cortex, to accurately judge distance. Furthermore, this behavioral paradigm provides a foundation for studying how neural circuits convert sensory information into ethological motor output.

Two Stages for Depth Integration of Motion Parallax

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 163-163
Author(s):  
H Ujike ◽  
S Saida
Keyword(s):  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Depth Perception ◽  
Head Movement ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
Motion Signal ◽  
Motion Threshold ◽  
Sinusoidal Gratings ◽  
Two Stages

Motion parallax has been shown to be a principal cue for depth perception under monocular viewing. The simulated depth of stimuli in previous studies has been constant in both magnitude and direction. In the present study we addressed the question how the visual system detects parallactic depth change. To answer this we investigated the temporal characteristics of parallactic depth change and the effect of a motion signal on them. The stimulus consisted of four bands of 15-cycle sinusoidal gratings and parallactic depth was simulated between each band. In experiment 1, we measured the amount of perceived depth change with different frequencies (0.125 to 10 Hz) of simulated depth change and with different velocities (2.5 to 40 cm s−1) of head movements. The result showed the perceived depth change decreased with frequency of depth change, and it increased with head velocity when the frequency was constant. In experiment 2, we measured the motion threshold with different velocities of head movement. The result showed the threshold was constant across different head velocities. In experiment 3, we measured the amount of perceived depth using apparent motion stimuli with the head moving. The result showed depth decreased with SOA of apparent motion stimuli, but there was no effect of different head velocities. The results of these three experiments indicate that parallactic depth change is determined by the duration of simulated depth, which corresponds to the integration time of motion, as well as by the extent of head movement. We conclude that parallactic depth is integrated in two stages: first, integration of motion and, second, integration of motion parallax.

Motion Parallax Driven by Head Movements: Conditions for Visual Stability, Perceived Depth, and Perceived Concomitant Motion

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5221 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Ono ◽  
Hiroyasu Ujike
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Depth Perception ◽  
Head Movement ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Visual Stability ◽  
Movement Velocity ◽  
Motion Threshold ◽  
Perceived Motion

Yoking the movement of the stimulus on the screen to the movement of the head, we examined visual stability and depth perception as a function of head-movement velocity and parallax. In experiment 1, for different head velocities, observers adjusted the parallax to find (a) the depth threshold and (b) the concomitant-motion threshold. Between these thresholds, depth was seen with no perceived motion. In experiment 2, for different head velocities, observers adjusted the parallax to produce the same perceived depth. A slower head movement required a greater parallax to produce the same perceived depth as faster head movements. In experiment 3, observers reported the perceived depth for different parallax magnitudes. Perceived depth covaried with smaller parallax without motion perception, but began to decrease with larger parallax and concomitant motion was seen. Only motion was seen with the larger parallax.

scholarly journals Role of visual and non-visual cues in constructing a rotation-invariant representation of heading in parietal cortex

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adhira Sunkara ◽  
Gregory C DeAngelis ◽  
Dora E Angelaki
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Rotational Velocity ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Local Motion ◽  
Rotation Invariant ◽  
Invariant Representation ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
The Brain

As we navigate through the world, eye and head movements add rotational velocity patterns to the retinal image. When such rotations accompany observer translation, the rotational velocity patterns must be discounted to accurately perceive heading. The conventional view holds that this computation requires efference copies of self-generated eye/head movements. Here we demonstrate that the brain implements an alternative solution in which retinal velocity patterns are themselves used to dissociate translations from rotations. These results reveal a novel role for visual cues in achieving a rotation-invariant representation of heading in the macaque ventral intraparietal area. Specifically, we show that the visual system utilizes both local motion parallax cues and global perspective distortions to estimate heading in the presence of rotations. These findings further suggest that the brain is capable of performing complex computations to infer eye movements and discount their sensory consequences based solely on visual cues.

Eye-Head Movements

2015 ◽  
pp. 474-519
Author(s):  
R. John Leigh ◽  
David S. Zee
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Spasmodic Torticollis ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Head Tracking ◽  
Ocular Motor ◽  
Ocular Reflex ◽  
Spasmus Nutans ◽  
Vestibulo Ocular Reflex ◽  
Motor Apraxia

This chapter reviews the relationship between ocular motor and cephalomotor systems, summarizing mechanical properties of head and neck tissues, head stability, and the roles of the cervico-ocular reflex (COR), vestibulo-collic reflex (VCR), and cervico-collic reflex. Visual consequences of head translation, and motion parallax, are discussed. Behavioral properties of eye-head saccades and smooth eye-head tracking are summarized along with their interactions with the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). The neural substrate for rapid and smooth eye-head movements is discussed including the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, superior colliculus, cerebellar vermis and fastigial nucleus. Mathematical models for eye-head behavior are presented. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of eye-head movements are outlined, with geometric corrections required during measurement of eye and head movements. Discussion of the pathophysiology of abnormal eye-head movements includes vestibular hypofunction, progressive supranuclear palsy, spasmodic torticollis (cervical dystonia), spasmus nutans, epilepsy, ocular motor apraxia, and abnormal smooth eye-head tracking in parkinsonian syndromes and cerebellar disorders.

The Dominance of Static Depth Cues over Motion Parallax in the Perception of Surface Orientation

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 32-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Cornilleau-Pérès ◽  
E Marin ◽  
J Droulez
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Surface Orientation ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Relative Depth ◽  
Rigidity Constraint ◽  
Visual Scenes ◽  
Winner Take All

Under polar projection (the natural projection for visual scenes) motion parallax is a powerful cue specifying relative depth. For small-field stimuli, it is ambiguous in the sense that a concave surface can be perceived as convex and deforming. By contrast, concavity/convexity of wide-field surfaces is unambiguously perceived. This led us to hypothesise a critical role of the 3-D rigidity constraint for large visual scenes in motion (Dijkstra et al, 1995 Vision Research35 453 – 462). To examine this hypothesis, we exposed subjects to planes inclined in space, and asked them to report the tilt (direction of inclination). Depth was specified either by motion parallax (MP, the surface oscillated around a frontoparallel axis) or by static perspective cues (SP, orthogonal square grids drawn on the plane). At ECVP95, we had reported a predominance of SP over MP when the tilts specified by these two cues ( tMP and tSP respectively) differed (1995 Perception24 Supplement, 137). Since these results were obtained for fast movements (oscillation frequency for MP: 3.6 Hz), we extended our investigation to a slower frequency (0.5 Hz) which is more likely to be involved during natural head-movements. We found that: (i) errors in tilt reports were larger for MP than for SP, and decreased with increasing field-size; (ii) in the case of conflict ( tMP= tSP±90°), the reported tilt was either tMP or tSP, rather than an average of these two values; (iii) in this case, tilt was most often reported according to SP, rather than to MP cues; this effect occurred even when the accuracies for the two individual cues were similar. Therefore, in a conflict situation between MP and SP, surface orientation is reported according to a winner-take-all rule, which is largely in favour of static grid-cues. Hence, even for wide-field movements, the image contrast distribution can lead the visual system to prefer an unrigid, rather than rigid, solution to the 3-D shape-from-motion problem.

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