scholarly journals Remapping of attentional modulation across eye movements in primary visual cortex of the monkey

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-220
Author(s):  
P. Khayat ◽  
H. Spekreijse ◽  
P. R. Roelfsema
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Attentional Modulation

scholarly journals Postnatal Development of Onset Transient Responses in Macaque V1 and V2 Neurons

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 1476-1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Earl L. Smith ◽  
Yuzo M. Chino
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Transient Responses ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
Better Than

Vision of newborn infants is limited by immaturities in their visual brain. In adult primates, the transient onset discharges of visual cortical neurons are thought to be intimately involved with capturing the rapid succession of brief images in visual scenes. Here we sought to determine the responsiveness and quality of transient responses in individual neurons of the primary visual cortex (V1) and visual area 2 (V2) of infant monkeys. We show that the transient component of neuronal firing to 640-ms stationary gratings was as robust and as reliable as in adults only 2 wk after birth, whereas the sustained component was more sluggish in infants than in adults. Thus the cortical circuitry supporting onset transient responses is functionally mature near birth, and our findings predict that neonates, known for their “impoverished vision,” are capable of initiating relatively mature fixating eye movements and of performing in detection of simple objects far better than traditionally thought.

scholarly journals An intrinsic neural eye tracker in primary visual cortex

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam P. Morris ◽  
Bart Krekelberg
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Full Field

SummaryHumans and other primates rely on eye movements to explore visual scenes and to track moving objects. As a result, the image that is projected onto the retina – and propagated throughout the visual cortical hierarchy – is almost constantly changing and makes little sense without taking into account the momentary direction of gaze. How is this achieved in the visual system? Here we show that in primary visual cortex (V1), the earliest stage of cortical vision, neural representations carry an embedded “eye tracker” that signals the direction of gaze associated with each image. Using chronically implanted multi-electrode arrays, we recorded the activity of neurons in V1 during tasks requiring fast (exploratory) and slow (pursuit) eye movements. Neurons were stimulated with flickering, full-field luminance noise at all times. As in previous studies 1-4, we observed neurons that were sensitive to gaze direction during fixation, despite comparable stimulation of their receptive fields. We trained a decoder to translate neural activity into metric estimates of (stationary) gaze direction. This decoded signal not only tracked the eye accurately during fixation, but also during fast and slow eye movements, even though the decoder had not been exposed to data from these behavioural states. Moreover, this signal lagged the real eye by approximately the time it took for new visual information to travel from the retina to cortex. Using simulations, we show that this V1 eye position signal could be used to take into account the sensory consequences of eye movements and map the fleeting positions of objects on the retina onto their stable position in the world.

scholarly journals Dynamic communication of attention signals between the LGN and V1

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 1625-1639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa L. Mock ◽  
Kimberly L. Luke ◽  
Jacqueline R. Hembrook-Short ◽  
Farran Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Local Field ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Local Field Potentials ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
Attentional Modulation ◽  
Visual Thalamus ◽  
The Impact

Correlations and inferred causal interactions among local field potentials (LFPs) simultaneously recorded in distinct visual brain areas can provide insight into how visual and cognitive signals are communicated between neuronal populations. Based on the known anatomical connectivity of hierarchically organized visual cortical areas and electrophysiological measurements of LFP interactions, a framework for interareal frequency-specific communication has emerged. Our goals were to test the predictions of this framework in the context of the early visual pathways and to understand how attention modulates communication between the visual thalamus and primary visual cortex. We recorded LFPs simultaneously in retinotopically aligned regions of the visual thalamus and primary visual cortex in alert and behaving macaque monkeys trained on a contrast-change detection task requiring covert shifts in visual spatial attention. Coherence and Granger-causal interactions among early visual circuits varied dynamically over different trial periods. Attention significantly enhanced alpha-, beta-, and gamma-frequency interactions, often in a manner consistent with the known anatomy of early visual circuits. However, attentional modulation of communication among early visual circuits was not consistent with a simple static framework in which distinct frequency bands convey directed inputs. Instead, neuronal network interactions in early visual circuits were flexible and dynamic, perhaps reflecting task-related shifts in attention. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Attention alters the way we perceive the visual world. For example, attention can modulate how visual information is communicated between the thalamus and cortex. We recorded local field potentials simultaneously in the visual thalamus and cortex to quantify the impact of attention on visual information communication. We found that attentional modulation of visual information communication was not static, but dynamic over the time course of trials.

scholarly journals Functional MRI reveals spatially specific attentional modulation in human primary visual cortex

1999 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 1663-1668 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Somers ◽  
A. M. Dale ◽  
A. E. Seiffert ◽  
R. B. H. Tootell
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Attentional Modulation

scholarly journals Perceptual restoration fails to recover unconscious processing for smooth eye movements after occipital stroke

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunwoo Kwon ◽  
Krystel R. Huxlin ◽  
Jude F. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Motion Perception ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Unconscious Processing

AbstractVisual pathways that guide actions do not necessarily mediate conscious perception. Patients with primary visual cortex (V1) damage lose conscious perception but often retain unconscious abilities (e.g. blindsight). Here, we asked if saccade accuracy and post-saccadic following responses (PFRs) that automatically track target motion upon saccade landing are retained when conscious perception is lost. We contrasted these behaviors in the blind and intact fields of 8 chronic V1-stroke patients, and in 8 visually-intact controls. Saccade accuracy was relatively normal in all cases. Stroke patients also had normal PFR in their intact fields, but no PFR in their blind fields. Thus, V1 damage did not spare the unconscious visual processing necessary for automatic, post-saccadic smooth eye movements. Importantly, visual training that recovered motion perception in the blind field did not restore the PFR, suggesting a clear dissociation between pathways mediating perceptual restoration and automatic actions in the V1-damaged visual system.

scholarly journals Separable codes for read-out of mouse primary visual cortex across attentional states

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley M. Wilson ◽  
Jeffrey M. Beck ◽  
Lindsey L. Glickfeld
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Sensory Cortex ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Attentional Modulation ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Encode Task

AbstractAttentional modulation of neuronal activity in sensory cortex could alter perception by enhancing the local representation of attended stimuli or its behavioral read-out downstream. We tested these hypotheses using a task in which mice are cued on interleaved trials to attend visual or auditory targets. Neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) that encode task stimuli have larger visually-evoked responses when attention is directed toward vision. To determine whether the attention-dependent changes in V1 reflect changes in representation or read-out, we decoded task stimuli and choices from population activity. Surprisingly, both visual and auditory choices can be decoded from V1, but decoding takes advantage of unique activity patterns across modalities. Furthermore, decoding of choices, but not stimuli, is impaired when attention is directed toward the opposite modality. The specific effect on choice suggests behavioral improvements with attention are largely due to targeted read-out of the most informative V1 neurons.

scholarly journals Spontaneous modulations of high frequency cortical activity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroya Ono ◽  
Masaki Sonoda ◽  
Brian H. Silverstein ◽  
Kaori Sonoda ◽  
Takafumi Kubota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Cortical Activity ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Gamma Activity ◽  
Principal Mechanism ◽  
Saccade Onset ◽  
High Gamma

Objective: We clarified the clinical and mechanistic significance of physiological modulations of high-frequency broadband cortical activity associated with spontaneous saccadic eye movements during a resting state. Methods: We studied 30 patients who underwent epilepsy surgery following extraoperative electrocorticography and electrooculography recordings. We determined whether high-gamma activity at 70-110 Hz preceding saccade onset would predict upcoming ocular behaviors. We assessed how accurately the model incorporating saccade-related high-gamma modulations would localize the primary visual cortex defined by electrical stimulation. Results: The whole-brain level dynamic atlas demonstrated transient high-gamma suppression in the striatal region before saccade onset and high-gamma augmentation subsequently involving the widespread posterior brain regions. More intense striatal high-gamma suppression predicted the upcoming saccade directed to the ipsilateral side and lasting longer in duration. The bagged-tree-ensemble model demonstrated that intense saccade-related high-gamma modulations localized the visual cortex with an accuracy of 95%. Conclusions: We successfully animated the neural dynamics supporting saccadic suppression, a principal mechanism minimizing the perception of blurred vision during rapid eye movements. The primary visual cortex per se may prepare actively in advance for massive image motion expected during upcoming prolonged saccades. Significance: Measuring saccade-related electrocorticographic signals may help localize the visual cortex and avoid misperceiving physiological high-frequency activity as epileptogenic.

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