Comparative Analysis of Laboratory Diagnosis of Leptospirosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 449-458
Author(s):  
Khalid Parwez ◽  
Arun A. Bhagwath ◽  
Sapna Kannan ◽  
Mohammed Tarique ◽  
Asif Zawed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Early Diagnostic

Leptospirosis is a febrile illness caused by the Leptospira, which is a highly motile, spirochete threadlike thin rod bacteria having a hook-like structure on both ends. This causes nearly 58990 deaths worldwide every year. They are most commonly found in rodents and can be transferred by cuts and abrasions in the body, mucous membranes or conjunctivae, or aerosol inhalation of microscopic droplets. Entry in the body lead to entry in blood circulation, different organs will be targeted. This review article explains current methodologies for the detection of Leptospira and the need for an early diagnostic tool. Leptospirosis can be treated if diagnosed in the early stage of infection. This review article consists of current methodologies used for the detection of Leptospira, the advantages and disadvantages of the methods used. Moreover, the need for an early diagnostic tool for the exposure of Leptospirosis in the acute phase is given importance. Even though the gold standard method MAT is used for confirmatory, culture preservation and other things are hectic, laborious. Currently, the molecular techniques used for the early detection of Leptospira needs experienced personnel and sophisticated instrument for the performance which is quite challenging to be found in the rural or undeveloped places. The need for sciences to come together is mentioned, where the innovative collaboration of physical sciences like Nanotechnology meets Microbiology which will lead to the innovation of some highly specific tools for the detection of diseases. The review article contains the useful methodology for the cultivation and detection by the conventional method, which will bring out innovation by modifications or by generating ideas that can be used for the diagnosis.

scholarly journals Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): A Short Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Tahminur Rahman ◽  
Muhammed Salah Uddin ◽  
Razia Sultana ◽  
Arumina Moue ◽  
Muntahina Setu
Keyword(s):  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Diagnostic Modalities

Diagnosis of disease now a days is mostly laboratory dependent. Due to recent advances in medical science and molecular biology, most of the diagnosis of uncommon, complicated, unusual presentation of disease has left the option of molecular diagnosis as the number one diagnostic modalities. Many molecular techniques are now being widely used throughout the  world including PCR, flow cytometry, tissue microarray, different blots, and genetic diagnosis. Among these PCR is the most widely accepted, commonly used diagnostic modalities with very high specificity and sensitivity for correct diagnosis. We have reviewed the principle, application, advantages and disadvantages of PCR in laboratory diagnosis of disease. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v4i1.13682 AKMMC J 2013: 4(1): 30-36    

Nanoparticles-mediated Brain Imaging and Disease Prognosis by Conventional as well as Modern Modal Imaging Techniques: a Comparison

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (24) ◽  
pp. 2637-2649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Tang Pan ◽  
Wei-Hsi Chang ◽  
Ajay Kumar ◽  
Satya P. Singh ◽  
Aman Chandra Kaushik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Multimodal Imaging ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Reporter Gene Imaging ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Disease Prognosis

Background: Multimodal imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis of brain disorders. Neurological disorders need to be diagnosed at an early stage for their effective treatment as later, it is very difficult to treat them. If possible, diagnosing at an early stage can be much helpful in curing the disease with less harm to the body. There is a need for advanced and multimodal imaging techniques for the same. This paper provides an overview of conventional as well as modern imaging techniques for brain diseases, specifically for tumor imaging. In this paper, different imaging modalities are discussed for tumor detection in the brain along with their advantages and disadvantages. Conjugation of two and more than two modalities provides more accurate information rather than a single modality. They can monitor and differentiate the cellular processes of normal and diseased condition with more clarity. The advent of molecular imaging, including reporter gene imaging, has opened the door of more advanced noninvasive detection of brain tumors. Due to specific optical properties, semiconducting polymer-based nanoparticles also play a pivotal role in imaging tumors. Objective: The objective of this paper is to review nanoparticles-mediated brain imaging and disease prognosis by conventional as well as modern modal imaging techniques. Conclusion: We reviewed in detail various medical imaging techniques. This paper covers recent developments in detail and elaborates a possible research aspect for the readers in the field.

scholarly journals COVID-19: molecular and serological detection methods

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed E. Dhamad ◽  
Muna A. Abdal Rhida
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
World Health ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Since COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared as a pandemic disease by the World Health Organization in early 2020, many countries, organizations and companies have tried to find the best way to diagnose the virus and contain its spreading. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single RNA (+ssRNA) coronavirus and mainly spreads through droplets, respiratory secretions, and direct contact. The early detection of the virus plays a central role in lowering COVID19 incidents and mortality rates. Thus, finding a simple, accurate, cheap and quick detection approach for SARS-CoV-2 at early stage of the viral infection is urgent and at high demand all around the world. The Food and Drug Administration and other health agencies have declared Emergency Use Authorization to develop diagnostic methods for COVID-19 and fulfill the demand. However, not all developed methods are appropriate and selecting a suitable method is challenging. Among all detection methods, rRT-PCR is the gold standard method. Unlike molecular methods, serological methods lack the ability of early detection with low accuracy. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about COVID-19 detection methods aiming to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of molecular and serological methods.

scholarly journals 1760. Interferon Gamma Release Assay for Diagnosis of Lyme disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S61-S61
Author(s):  
Yosefa Hefter ◽  
Christina D’Arco ◽  
Travis Shute ◽  
Raymond Dattwyler ◽  
Paul Arnaboldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Erythema Migrans ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Interferon Gamma Release Assay ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Release Assay

Abstract Background The sensitivity of current antibody detection assays against Borrelia burgdorferi in the early stage of Lyme disease is very low. In children especially, who commonly have febrile viral illnesses, manifestations of early Lyme disease can be misdiagnosed. We previously demonstrated that IFNγ secretion could be detected in whole blood collected from Lyme disease patients at first clinical presentation following overnight incubation of the blood with peptides derived from B. burgdorferi. In the present study, we further evaluated the utility of IFNγ release for the laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease in children with varying stages of the illness. Methods Children ages 2–18 years with no prior history of Lyme disease and with manifestations of Lyme disease at any stage were enrolled in the study. Sick and healthy controls were enrolled for comparison. We collected history and physical examination data and blood samples at the time of enrollment, at 1 month, and at 6 months. Standard 2-tier testing with ELISA (whole cell sonicate [WCS] and C6) and western blot were run in parallel to the IFNγ release assay for all blood samples. Sensitivity and specificity of the study assay were determined for presentation at all stages of Lyme disease. Clinical data were summarized. Results Blood samples from 22 patients with Lyme disease and 7 controls (4 sick, 3 healthy) were obtained at the first visit. The IFNγ release assay detected early and early disseminated Lyme disease with 78% sensitivity compared with 59% sensitivity of 2-tier testing in our study. For patients presenting with a single erythema migrans (EM) lesion, the IFNγ release assay detected Lyme disease with 63% sensitivity compared with 14% sensitivity with 2-tier testing. The IFNγ release assay had only 25% sensitivity for detecting late disease. A single control patient was positive for both the IFNγ release assay and 2-tier serology. Conclusion A novel IFNγ release assay demonstrated significantly increased sensitivity when compared with 2-tier testing in the laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease in patients presenting with a single EM lesion. Future study is needed to determine its utility in detecting early Lyme disease in patients with nonspecific febrile illness in the absence of erythema migrans. Disclosures R. Dattwyler, Qiagen: Collaborator, Research support. P. Arnaboldi, Qiagen: Collaborator, research materials.

scholarly journals AI for early-stage breast cancer screening.

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl) ◽  
pp. 50-50
Author(s):  
Geetha Manjunath ◽  
Himanshu Madhu ◽  
Sivateja Kakileti
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Nipple Discharge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thermal Images ◽  
Alternative Modality ◽  
Us Fda ◽  
Asymptomatic Subjects

50 Background: In emerging markets, a routine mammogram is not feasible due to cost, accessibility and lack of skilled technicians. It is also not effective in women with dense breasts. We explore an alternative modality based on Artificial Intelligence over thermal images for early detection of breast cancer. Infrared imaging is a non-contact, radiation-free technique that detects breast abnormalities based on thermal changes in the body seen due to increased vascularity and metabolic activity of the tumour. Thermography is only approved as an adjunct modality by US FDA, as manual interpretation of thermal images is error prone and subjective. We have developed an AI- based software (called Thermalytix) for automatic analysis of Thermal images using machine learning to extract and analyse abnormal patterns based on thermal distribution, asymmetry and vascular structure; to identify malignancy in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Methods: We compare performance of Thermalytix with Mammography on a total of 769 subjects who walked into 3 sites for mammography screening. Subjects were sent for NIRAMAI screening prior to other tests (mammography or sonomammography). Pregnant women, lactating mothers and cancer survivors were excluded from the study. 534 subjects had either lump or nipple discharge as a symptom and 235 subjects did not have any symptoms. Mammography was conducted on 407 subjects and rest went through sonomammography as per the discretion of radiologist. Results: Sensitivity of Thermalytix was 92% in symptomatic women with a specificity of 71.9%; while 100% sensitivity and 92.9% specificity was found in women without any symptoms. Mammography, on the other hand, presented 91% sensitivity and 70.7% specificity in symptomatic women. In asymptomatic women, mammography however showed 67% sensitivity and 98.9% specificity. Conclusions: Thermalytix was found to be a promising screening and diagnostic tool while mammography worked better as a diagnostic tool. [Table: see text]

DEVELOPMENT OF A DEVICE FOR CONTROL OF THE STATE OF THE ORGANISM BASED ON PHOTOPLETISMOGRAPHY USING TECHNOLOGIES OF DIGITAL ADAPTIVE FILTRATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-107
Author(s):  
Алексей Дмитриевич Акишин ◽  
Иван Павлович Семчук ◽  
Александр Петрович Николаев
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Adaptive Filtering ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Optimal Algorithm ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Cardiac Activity ◽  
Motion Artifacts ◽  
The Body ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Постоянно растущий интерес к разработке новых неинвазивных и безманжетных методов измерения параметров сердечной деятельности, использование которых давало бы возможность непрерывного и удаленного контроля сердечно-сосудистой системы, обуславливает актуальность данной работы. В многочисленных публикациях продолжаются обсуждения преимуществ и недостатков различных методов ранней диагностики сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Однако артефакты движения являются сильной помехой, мешающей точной оценке показателей функционирования сердечно-сосудистой системы. Одним из перспективных методов контроля является метод оценки физиологических параметров с использованием фотоплетизмографии. Данная статья посвящена разработке устройства для фотоплетизмографических исследований и алгоритмических методов обработки регистрируемых сигналов для обеспечения мониторинга сердечного ритма с заданной точностью. В работе используются технологии цифровой адаптивной фильтрации полученных сигналов для мониторинга сердечного ритма в условиях внешних механических и электрических помеховых воздействий, ухудшающих точностные характеристики системы, а также разработана архитектура системы и изготовлен макет устройства, который позволил провести измерения для определения оптимального алгоритма цифровой обработки сигналов. При использовании устройства применялись методы адаптивной фильтрации на основе фильтров Винера, фильтров на основе метода наименьших квадратов и Калмановской фильтрации. Разработанное устройство для фотоплетизмографических исследований обеспечило возможность мониторинга сердечного ритма с заданной точностью, контроля текущего состояния организма и может быть использовано в качестве средства диагностики заболеваний сердца The constantly growing interest in the development of new non-invasive and cuff-free methods for measuring the parameters of cardiac activity, the use of which would give the possibility of continuous and remote monitoring of the cardiovascular system, determines the relevance of this work. Numerous publications continue to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. However, motion artifacts are a strong hindrance to the accurate assessment of the performance of the cardiovascular system. One of the promising control methods is the method for assessing physiological parameters using photoplethysmography. This article is devoted to the development of a device for photoplethysmographic studies and algorithmic methods for processing recorded signals to ensure monitoring of the heart rate with a given accuracy. The work uses technologies of digital adaptive filtering of the received signals to monitor the heart rate in conditions of external mechanical and electrical interference, which worsen the accuracy characteristics of the system, as well as the architecture of the system and a prototype of the device, which made it possible to carry out measurements to determine the optimal algorithm for digital signal processing. When using the device, the methods of adaptive filtering based on Wiener filters, filters based on the least squares method and Kalman filtering were used. The developed device for photoplethysmographic studies provided the ability to monitor the heart rate with a given accuracy, control the current state of the body and can be used as a means of diagnosing heart diseases

A Review on Post Pregnancy Healer Herbs

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashmi Saxena Pal ◽  
Yogendra Pal ◽  
Pranay Wal
Keyword(s):  
Literature Search ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medical Supervision ◽  
Areas Of Concern

Background: Postpartum is an important phase of life after childbirth. It needs to be highly important as in terms of health in future life. This time brings lots of complications with it. Lots of aspects need to be looked after as the care of the new mom is essential to bring back her stamina and strength. Objective: The objective of this review article is to explore the heeding power hidden in nature for returning back to the mothers to the pre-pregnancy state. There are various areas of concern after postpartum to heal up the body overall, such as to heal up the uterus, providing galactagogues, nutritives, maintenance of hormones and restoring back the strength and tone of the abdomen. Materials and Methods: A literature search has been done on the various herbs, which fulfill the various desired aspects to be looked after post pregnancy. Results: There are various herbs present in nature, regarding their hidden potential still the awareness is not up to the mark. This review highlights the various plants which have been proven to be useful in dealing the post-pregnancy issues. They deal with all the aspects of complications and issues occurring post pregnancy. They heal the uterus which has undergone so many types of changes, maintains the balance of hormones back, besides providing nutrition and increasing the production of milk, they also restore back the tone and strength of the walls of the abdomen. Conclusion: These herbs are full-fledged with the phytoconstituents that heal the whole system after delivery. The need of present time is to take patiently these as the source of medicines regularly under medical supervision to overcome the various concerned problems of post pregnancy.

Managing Febrile Illness in Malaria-endemic Areas: Developing Novel Diagnostics Using Host Immunological Signatures as Surrogate Markers of Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaitan O. Omitola ◽  
Hammed O. Mogaji ◽  
Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Illness Management ◽  
Presumptive Treatment ◽  
Disease Diagnostics ◽  
Proteomics Technology ◽  
Tools And Methods

Recent research has highlighted the growing public health concern arising from mismanagement of malarial and non-malarial febrile illnesses that present with similar clinical symptoms. A retrospective examination of patient records suggests that a syndrome-based diagnosis results in over-diagnosis of malaria. Consequently, interventions to mitigate the frequency of presumptive treatment of fever in malaria-endemic settings have been sought, especially for resourcelimited areas. Guidelines that promote the use of microbiological tests and modern diagnostic kits have demonstrated laudable progress in the ongoing challenge of febrile illness management. However, this has brought attention to other factors like the complication of mixed infections. These issues, which remain significant limitations to current tools and methods in the accurate diagnosis and subsequent therapy of febrile illnesses, call for innovative diagnostic interventions. Advancements in biomedical research over the last decade have led to the introduction of state-of-the-art molecular techniques of omics origin that provide the possibility of diverse applications in disease diagnostics. Here, we present notable challenges in febrile illness management, describe currently available tools and methods for diagnosis, and discuss the opportunities for future progress, including harnessing cuttingedge transcriptional profiling and proteomics technology to detect host immunological signatures during infection.

scholarly journals Fabry Cardiomyopathy: Current Practice and Future Directions

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1532
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Yim ◽  
Olivia Yau ◽  
Darwin F. Yeung ◽  
Teresa S. M. Tsang
Keyword(s):  
Fabry Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cardiac Biomarkers ◽  
Dried Blood Spot ◽  
Point Of Care Ultrasound ◽  
Enzyme Replacement ◽  
Blood Spot

Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the galactosidase A (GLA) gene that result in deficient galactosidase A enzyme and subsequent accumulation of glycosphingolipids throughout the body. The result is a multi-system disorder characterized by cutaneous, corneal, cardiac, renal, and neurological manifestations. Increased left ventricular wall thickness represents the predominant cardiac manifestation of FD. As the disease progresses, patients may develop arrhythmias, advanced conduction abnormalities, and heart failure. Cardiac biomarkers, point-of-care dried blood spot testing, and advanced imaging modalities including echocardiography with strain imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with T1 mapping now allow us to detect Fabry cardiomyopathy much more effectively than in the past. While enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has been the mainstay of treatment, several promising therapies are now in development, making early diagnosis of FD even more crucial. Ongoing initiatives involving artificial intelligence (AI)-empowered interpretation of echocardiographic images, point-of-care dried blood spot testing in the echocardiography laboratory, and widespread dissemination of point-of-care ultrasound devices to community practices to promote screening may lead to more timely diagnosis of FD. Fabry disease should no longer be considered a rare, untreatable disease, but one that can be effectively identified and treated at an early stage before the development of irreversible end-organ damage.

scholarly journals Holistic Metabolomic Laboratory-Developed Test (LDT): Development and Use for the Diagnosis of Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Petr G. Lokhov ◽  
Dmitry L. Maslov ◽  
Steven Lichtenberg ◽  
Oxana P. Trifonova ◽  
Elena E. Balashova
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Compounds

A laboratory-developed test (LDT) is a type of in vitro diagnostic test that is developed and used within a single laboratory. The holistic metabolomic LDT integrating the currently available data on human metabolic pathways, changes in the concentrations of low-molecular-weight compounds in the human blood during diseases and other conditions, and their prevalent location in the body was developed. That is, the LDT uses all of the accumulated metabolic data relevant for disease diagnosis and high-resolution mass spectrometry with data processing by in-house software. In this study, the LDT was applied to diagnose early-stage Parkinson’s disease (PD), which currently lacks available laboratory tests. The use of the LDT for blood plasma samples confirmed its ability for such diagnostics with 73% accuracy. The diagnosis was based on relevant data, such as the detection of overrepresented metabolite sets associated with PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, the ability of the LDT to detect normal composition of low-molecular-weight compounds in blood was demonstrated, thus providing a definition of healthy at the molecular level. This LDT approach as a screening tool can be used for the further widespread testing for other diseases, since ‘omics’ tests, to which the metabolomic LDT belongs, cover a variety of them.

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