scholarly journals Ariowie i Turańczycy. Poglądy Franciszka H. Duchińskiego na temat rasy i cywilizacji

2015 ◽  
pp. 46-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Wrzesińska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
European Community ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
The West ◽  
Racial Hierarchy ◽  
Racial Origin ◽  
The 19Th Century

Aryans and Turanians. Franciszek H. Duchiński’s views on race and civilization The article deals with a theory of non-Slavic origins of Russians. This theory was authored by Franciszek Duchinski (1816-1893) who claimed that civilizational specifity of Russians stems from their racial origin that is different from the origin of the remaining European nations. He believed that because of this fact, two opposing civilizations emerged: the eastern civilization created by the Mongolian root, with a lack of rule of law and domination of despotism, and the western civilization existing among the Indoeuropean peoples who respected freedom and human dignity. Duchinski was convinced that the two civilization differed one from another most of all due to several external and mental factors instead of biological discrepancies. He did not evaluate races and civilizations as better or worse, and he did not giva a definion of the notion of race. This unprecise attitude was characteristic of the 19th century writings. Such notions as “race”, “nation”, “tribe”, or “clan”, were used interchangeably. Moreover, racial hierarchy was not considered as something improper.Duchinski’s views on the Asian despotism on the whole agreed with those abiding in the Polish writings in the 19th century, with dominating opinions that Russia and Europe represented different civilizations and were in a permanent antagonism. Duchinski’s aim was to warn Western European community that East is a threat to the West and he wanted to demonstrate that Poland had a role to play for the Latin Christianity.His conclusions about the antynomy of civilizations are still valid even though today we tend to deny that race and civilization are interconnected. Now civilizational identity is seen first of all in a variety of different values, beliefs, institutions and social structures. Thus, one should agree with Duchinski that civilizations are indeed different but we still should avoid to evaluate them as better or worse. Ariowie i Turańczycy. Poglądy Franciszka H. Duchińskiego na temat rasy i cywilizacjiTekst jest poświęcony teorii niesłowiańskiego pochodzenia Rosjan. Jej autor, Franciszek H. Duchiński (1816-1893), uzasadniał odmienność cywilizacyjną Rosjan ich innym od pozostałych ludów Europy pochodzeniem rasowym. Ono, jak uważał, zadecydowało o powstaniu funkcjonujących w opozycji dwóch cywilizacji: wschodniej, stworzonej poprzez pierwiastek mongolski, gdzie dominowało bezprawie i despotyzm, oraz zachodniej, powstałej jako wytwór ludów indoeuropejskich, które respektowały wolność i godność człowieka. Duchiński uzasadniał różnice między nimi w większym stopniu czynnikami zewnętrznymi i mentalnymi niż biologicznymi. Nie wartościował ras i cywilizacji, a pojęcia „rasa” nie definiował. Brak ścisłości w tym względzie był charakterystyczny dla XIX-wiecznego piśmiennictwa. Często stosowano zamiennie pojęcia „rasa”, „naród”, „plemię”, „szczep”. Nie uważano też za naganne hierarchizowania ras.Opinie Duchińskiego na temat azjatyckiej despotii nie odbiegały od powszechnie przyjętych w piśmiennictwie polskim XIX w. Dominujący w nim wątek stanowiło przekonanie o odmienności cywilizacyjnej Rosji i Europy i o trwałym pomiędzy nimi antagonizmie. Działalność Duchińskiego miała służyć uświadomieniu opinii zachodnioeuropejskiej zagrożenia jakie płynęło dla Europy ze strony cywilizacji wschodniej oraz roli Polski na przedmurzu chrześcijaństwa łacińskiego.Spostrzeżenia na temat antynomii wspomnianych cywilizacji są i dziś aktualne. Współcześni badacze problemu przeczą rzecz jasna związkom pomiędzy rasą i cywilizacją. Kładą za to nacisk na różnice w sferze wartości, wierzeń, instytucji i struktur społecznych, które decydują o tożsamości cywilizacyjnej. O ile więc można nie godzić się z argumentacją Duchińskiego, to w sferze wniosków należy autorowi przyznać rację i nie wartościując cywilizacji uznać je za odmienne.

Presence in Absence

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-100
Author(s):  
Rachel Esner
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Artistic Creativity ◽  
Oder Eine ◽  
Exhibition Space ◽  
Working Space ◽  
Romantic Era ◽  
Sozialer Raum ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Artistic Self

Seit der Epoche der Romantik bringen viele der Diskurse, die künstlerische Kreativität betreffen, den Künstler und seinen Arbeitsraum zusammen: Die Werkstatt wird als ein Spiegel des Künstlers und seines Werks angesehen, als ein Heiligtum, ein sozialer Raum oder eine Ausstellungsfläche. Ein populärer bildlicher Topos der Zeit war die Darstellung des leeren Ateliers. Der vorliegende Beitrag versteht das Bild des leeren Ateliers im 19. Jahrhundert als ein Selbstporträt des Künstlers. Er untersucht, wie die Darstellung des Raums und seiner Objekte dem Gemälde die Präsenz des Künstlers einschreiben und sein bzw. ihr künstlerisches  Selbstverständnis innerhalb der sich verändernden künstlerischen und sozialen Strukturen der Epoche wiedergeben.<br><br>From the Romantic era onward, many of the discourses surrounding artistic creativity have merged the artist and his working space: the place of work is viewed as the mirror of the man and his oeuvre, a sanctuary, a social or an exhibition space. A popular topos in this context was the view of the empty studio. This paper explores the 19th-century empty studio image as a self-portrait of the artist. It examines how the depictions of the space and its objects work to inscribe the artist’s presence, and to express his or her  artistic self-conception and identity within the changing artistic-social structures of the period.

Theoretical and methodological determinants of the Robert von Mol’s concept of the social state

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Svetlana Pirozhok
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
The State ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Social State ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century

The relevance of determining the theoretical and methodological determinants of the Robert von Moll’s concept of the social state is due to the need to determine the patterns of evolution of ideas about the state and law, as well as the need to assess the ability to use the potential of the Robert von Moll’s theoretical and legal heritage, his predecessors and contemporaries to identify the optimal model of the social state. Modern Russia attempts to build such state. The proclamation and consolidation of Russia as a social state governed by the rule of law at the constitutional level requires attention both to the experiments carried out in social and legal development, and to the practices of social reform, and also to those ideas that have not yet been embodied. The ideas of European scholars regarding the evolution of the state-legal organization of society in the early modern period, based on which Robert von Mohl (1799–1875) developed original concepts of a social state and a state governed by the rule of law are discussed in the article. An analysis of the state of European political and legal thought and identification of the factors that have a significant impact on the development of Robert von Mohl’s doctrine of a social state governed by the rule of law are the purposes of the scientific article. The methodological basis of the study was the dialectical-materialistic, general scientific (historical, systemic) and special (historical-legal, comparativelegal) methods of legal research. The method of reconstruction and interpretation of legal ideas had great importance. As a result of the study, it was concluded that in the first half of the 19th century in European political and legal thought various approaches was formed to consider the problems of social protection and how to resolve them. The development trend of European political science became the transition from ideas and principles formed in the conditions of police states and enlightened absolutism to the ideas of a state governed by the rule of law (constitutional) that protects the rights and freedoms of a citizen. At the same time, it was a question of the rights and freedoms of only a part of the population: the proletariat growing in number and significance was not always evaluated as an independent social stratum. The axiological principles of state justification have also changed. Rights and utility principle became dominant principles. In the first half of the 19th century the social issue as an independent scientific problem of the European political and legal thought was not posed and not systematically developed. Questions about the social essence of the state, the specifics of the implementation of the state social function, the features of public administration in the new stage of socio-economic development of society predetermined the emergence of the idea of a social state. This idea was comprehensively characterized in the Robert von Mohl’s works. He went down in the history of political and legal thought as founder of the concepts of social and governed by the rule of law state.

The Relationship between Trade and Foreign Direct Investment: Testing Ahmed Midhat Efendi's Hypothesis

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-549
Author(s):  
V. Necla Geyikdagi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
The West ◽  
Normative Framework ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Independent Thinking

“Jack of all trades” Ahmed Midhat Efendi, one of the most famous and popular Ottoman writers of the 19th century, ranged widely in his subject matter, which included economics. Although he was criticized for not having a proper education in the field, his independent thinking made him the most important critic of the laissez-faire system that prevailed in the Ottoman Empire. He disapproved of the liberalism transferred from the West in a normative framework.

scholarly journals PEMIKIRAN JAMALUDDIN AL-AFGHANI (JAMAL AD-DIN AL-AFGHANI) (1838 – 1897 M)

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Akmal Hawi
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
Islamic Reform ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The People ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

The 19th century to the 20th century is a moment in which Muslims enter a new gate, the gate of renewal. This phase is often referred to as the century of modernism, a century where people are confronted with the fact that the West is far ahead of them. This situation made various responses emerging, various Islamic groups responded in different ways based on their Islamic nature. Some respond with accommodative stance and recognize that the people are indeed doomed and must follow the West in order to rise from the downturn. Others respond by rejecting anything coming from the West because they think it is outside of Islam. These circles believe Islam is the best and the people must return to the foundations of revelation, this circle is often called the revivalists. One of the figures who is an important figure in Islamic reform, Jamaluddin Al-Afghani, a reformer who has its own uniqueness, uniqueness, and mystery. Departing from the division of Islamic features above, Afghani occupies a unique position in responding to Western domination of Islam. On the one hand, Afghani is very moderate by accommodating ideas coming from the West, this is done to improve the decline of the ummah. On the other hand, however, Afghani appeared so loudly when it came to the question of nationality or on matters relating to Islam. As a result, Afghani traces his legs on two different sides, he is a modernist but also a fundamentalist. 

scholarly journals "However, the language here is changing gradually, and in the presence of so many local dialects the Croatian and its kindred Slovenian world cannot be separated very precisely" – Drawing the Slovenian-Croatian National Border in the Territory of the Present-day Prekmurje Region

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Jernej Kosi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Demarcation Line ◽  
National Space ◽  
National Movement ◽  
National Border ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The article analyses the process involved in the formation of the idea to separate the "Slovenian" and "Croatian" national territory in the west of the Kingdom of Hungary. The concept was initially articulated as a linguistic premise in the works written by the famous linguist Jernej Kopitar, who understood the territory of the today's Prekmurje region as an area where Slovenian language was spoken. As of the middle of the 19th century, Kopitar's classification had been appropriated by the Slovenian national movement, which presupposed that the speakers of the Slovenian language in the Kingdom of Hungary were also members of the envisioned Slovenian community. In this context the Slovenian linguistic – national border was, in the middle of the 19th century, depicted on a map for the first time (Peter Kozler). In just a few decades, the idea of the national demarcation line in the today's Prekmurje, supposedly separating Slovenians from Croats at the river Mura, had strengthened considerably among the Slovenian national activists in the Cisleithanian lands. After the dissolution of Austro-Hungary and the signing of the Treaty of Trianion, this line in fact became a border between the Slovenian and the neighbouring Croatian national space. 

scholarly journals The personality and the creative work of A. Pasculli in the context of the West European music art of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Liliya Orlanovna Norbu ◽  
Mariya Vladimirovna Kholodova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Music Culture ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
The West ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Creative Life

The authors of the research focus on Antonio Pasculli, a famous Italian virtuoso oboe player and composer of the late 19th - the early 20th century, whose name had long and undeservingly been in the wilderness. In the last two-three decades, his legacy has been getting a new lease on life. Pasculli&rsquo;s compositions are on the concert list of oboe players all over the world. Despite the performance popularity, the personality and creative work of the outstanding Italian musician are still on the periphery of the research focus of Russian musicologists. All valuable information is contained in rare foreign researches. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to reconstruct the artistic portrait of Antonio Pasculli in the context of time. This research is the first in Russian musicology to introduce into Russian scientific discourse the data from foreign sources revealing the peculiarities of Pasculli&rsquo;s creative life. Based on the analysis of the collected data, the authors conclude about the necessity to revise the role of Pasculli&rsquo;s work and legacy in the context of European music culture of the 19th century. It is believed that familiarization with the information about the Italian musician, unknown to the Russian audience, will help to not only dive deeper into the specificity of Pasculli&rsquo;s compositions, but also to reinterpret his place and role in the evolution of playing woodwind instruments.

Jamal Al-Din Al-Afghani And The Egyptian National Debate

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudi Matthee
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Debate ◽  
New Information ◽  
Western Imperialism ◽  
Historical Image ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Recent Attention

A remarkable man in his own lifetime, Jamal al-Din al-Afghani became a legend after his death.1 For many people, Afghani evokes an image that combines the medieval ideal of the cosmopolitan Islamic scholar with the romantic aura of the 19th-century revolutionary. Since the late 1960s, Afghani has been the object of particular attention and controversy in both the West and the Islamic world. Iranian and Western scholars have radically reinterpreted his background and beliefs.2 This reevaluation of Afghani on the basis of new information about him has, however, not been generally accepted in the Islamic world. If anything, recent attention to Afghani's unorthodoxy and possible irreligion has only served to harden his defenders by giving credence to his own statements. Afghani plays an important role in the historical image of Muslim unity and sophistication presented by many Islamic groups and governments in this age of revived panIslamism. His plea for Islamic renewal through solidarity never lost its relevance as a powerful symbol linking the past with hopes for the future. The image of Afghani as the indefatigable fighter against Western imperialism who helped make the Muslim world aware of its distinct identity remains equally as suggestive.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document