scholarly journals Polskie miasta i wsie XXI wieku. Zacieranie się granic, języków i kultur

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halina Kurek
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Western World ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
Polish Culture ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City ◽  
Second World

Polish Cities and Villages in the 21st Century: Blurring of the Borders, Languages and CulturesUp to the middle of the 20th century, big cities, as economic units and communities that were characterized by the very varied professional and social structure of their inhabitants, marked not only administrative borders but also clear linguistic and cultural borders for the traditional monolithic village. After the Second World War, due to various socio-economic processes which resulted in big cities absorbing the surrounding villages, the administrative borders also started to change. Migrations from villages to cities and improved education began the process of blurring cultural and linguistic borders in the 20th century. At the beginning of the 21st century, the phenomenon of linguistic-cultural unification was facilitated by the trend of inhabitants of big cities starting to move to suburban villages. However, the rapid intensification of this phenomenon was mainly influenced by the common availability of the internet. The English language and the American style of culture became the factors that unified the linguistic and cultural differences between Polish cities and villages. The first quarter of the 21st century marked the beginning of the process of blurring not only the cultural differences between the city and the village, but also the virtual borders between Polish culture and the foreign culture of the Western world. Polskie miasta i wsie XXI wieku. Zacieranie się granic, języków i kulturDo połowy XX wieku wielkie miasta jako organizmy gospodarcze i zbiorowości charakteryzujące się bardzo zróżnicowaną strukturą zawodową i społeczną ludności, oddzielały od monolitycznej, tradycyjnej wsi nie tylko granice administracyjne, lecz także wyraźne granice językowe i kulturowe. Po II wojnie światowej na skutek różnorodnych procesów społeczno-ekonomicznych, powodujących między innymi wchłanianie przez wielkie miasta okolicznych wsi, zmianom zaczęły też ulegać granice administracyjne. Migracje ze wsi do miast i wzrost poziomu wykształcenia ludności napływowej rozpoczęły w drugiej połowie XX wieku proces zacierania się również granic kulturowych i językowych. Na początku XXI wieku zjawisko unifikacji językowo-kulturowej znacznie przyspieszyła moda na osiedlanie się w podmiejskich wsiach mieszkańców dużych miast. Gwałtowne nasilenie się omawianego procesu nastąpiło jednak przede wszystkim na skutek powszechnej dostępności Internetu. Język angielski i kultura w stylu amerykańskim stały się czynnikami unifikującymi zróżnicowania językowe i kulturowe polskich miast i wsi. W pierwszej ćwierci XXI wieku rozpoczął się więc proces zacierania się granic językowo-kulturowych pomiędzy miastem a wsią, a także wirtualnych granic pomiędzy rodzimą kulturą polską a obcą kulturą świata zachodniego.

scholarly journals New Typologies of Contemporary Shopping Malls in Egypt

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-122
Author(s):  
Karim Wagih Fawzi Youssef
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Corporate Websites ◽  
New Public ◽  
Globalized Economy ◽  
The City

Contemporary shopping malls in Egypt have created new public spaces for lifestyle and leisure, which complement the commercial logic of consumer behavior. Mega malls in Egypt are simultaneously merging shopping, leisure, and entertainment, creating an ambivalence. They are representations of the globalized economy, but also manifest a certain uniqueness through their typology, their mode of insertion in the urban fabric and the type of public spaces created in them. This paper traces four new typologies in the design of six mega shopping malls in Egypt, constructed since 2010, as they integrate new public gathering spaces for leisure, recreation, and entertainment. Data on the new malls in Egypt was collected from corporate websites and promotional brochures, Google Maps and Street View, TripAdvisor, social media websites, visitor comments and news articles. A key finding is the trend of integration of large outdoor recreational spaces such as courtyards and plazas in mall design, the inclusion of a water element for attraction as well as the transition in function from simply offering goods and services to one that offers experiences and events to encourage recurring visits to the mall. The transformation of the mall parallels changes in conceptualizing the city of the 20th century as a large marketplace, an emporium of consumption, to conceptualizing the city of the 21st century as a large theatre and a festive place.

scholarly journals Rethinking the message of the church in the 21st century: An amalgamation between science and religion

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk G. Van der Merwe
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Western World ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
Theological Training

Throughout its history, Christianity has stood in a dichotomous relation to the various philosophical movements or eras (pre-modernism, modernism, postmodernism and post-postmodernism) that took on different faces throughout history. In each period, it was the sciences that influenced, to a great extent, the interpretation and understanding of the Bible. Christianity, however, was not immune to influences, specifically those of the Western world. This essay reflects briefly on this dichotomy and the influence of Bultmann’s demythologising of the kerygma during the 20th century. Also, the remythologising (Vanhoozer) of the church’s message as proposed for the 21st century no more satisfies the critical Christian thinkers. The relationship between science and religion is revisited, albeit from a different perspective as established over the past two decades as to how the sciences have been pointed out more and more to complement theology. This article endeavours to evoke the church to consider the fundamental contributions of the sciences and how it is going to incorporate the sciences into its theological training and message to the world.

scholarly journals Ladies, Gentlemen and Guys: The Gender Politics of Politeness

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Sonam Pelden ◽  
Elizabeth Reid Boyd ◽  
Madalena Grobbelaar ◽  
Kwadwo Adusei-Asante ◽  
Lucy Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Social Ethics ◽  
Gender Politics ◽  
Western World ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Polite Society ◽  
Conservative Post ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Race And Culture

Are there ladies and gentlemen in the 21st century? Do we need them? In the 20th century, lady became particularly unpopular with second wave feminists, who preferred ‘woman’. Gentleman was seen as similarly politically incorrect: class, race and culture bound. Following previous research on the word lady, we explore here some current evocations and debates around these words. We consider how the more casual, etymologically gendered term ‘guy’ has been utilized for men and women, and how it functions to reflect and obscure gender. While the return of the lady might be considered a consumer fad, a neo-conservative post-feminist backlash, or nostalgia for an elite ‘polite society’, it also offers an opportunity for a deeper discussion about civility as part of a broader conversation that is gaining impetus in the Western world. Politeness is personal and political. Whilst evidence for a comeback of the gentleman is limited, we critically consider the re-emergence of the lady as reflecting a deeper desire for applied sexual and social ethics. Such gender ethics have global, social and cultural ramifications that we ought not to underestimate. The desire for a culture of civility is gaining momentum as we are increasingly confronted with the violent consequences of a culture without it.

Philosophy Educating Humanity

1998 ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Carl Becker
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
World View ◽  
Western World ◽  
Common Values ◽  
Asian Philosophy ◽  
The World ◽  
Western Ideals

The 20th century may be considered the ultimate expression of Western ideals and philosophy: "civilized" humanity's attempt to dominate "uncivilized" peoples and nature. The 21st century soberingly proclaims the shortsightedness and ultimate unsustainability of this philosophy. This paper shows the limitations of a modern Western world-view, and the practical applicability of ideas to be found in Asian philosophies. In outline, the contrast may be portrayed by the following overgeneralizations: (1) From a linear to a cyclical world view; (2) from divine salvation to karmic necessity; (3) from human dominion over nature to human place within nature; (4) from the perfectibility of humanity and the world through science; (5) from atomistic mechanistic individualism to organic interdependence; (6) from competition to cooperation; (7) from glorification of wealth to respect for humanhood; (8) from absolute cultural values to necessary common values. Each of these attitudes is examined in light of what we now know about the world in the 21st century, as Asian philosophy is found applicable to address future problems.

scholarly journals Nature and image: a city in the art of Chernivtsi of the 20th – the beginning of the 21st century

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-153
Author(s):  
Iryna Mishchenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Iconic Images ◽  
The City

The purpose of this article is to consider the peculiarities of the reflection of the city – its architecture and inhabitants – in the works of Chernivtsi artists of the 20th and early 21st century, to analyze the differences between their views on the reproduction of urban motifs. The methodology consists in the application of the historical-chronological method, art analysis, and generalization, comparative and systematic approach. The scientific novelty lies in the introduction into scientific circulation of works by artists of the specified time, in understanding the evolution in the reflection of the city in the works of authors with various artistic orientations. Conclusions. In the paintings and graphics of the 20th – 21st centuries, several options for solving urban landscapes can be defined, among which the most common is a careful reflection of existing architectural monuments. In the 19th century in European art, in particular in Impressionist painting, the desire to convey not only the appearance but above all the spirit of the city became noticeable, depicting the townspeople, emphasizing the bustle or poetry of squares and streets. At the turn of the 20th-21st centuries the artists are no longer limited to the usual fixation of what is seen, but try to create a conceptual image of the city, to tell a story through iconic images and symbols, reveal their own position in particular and to preserve the authenticity of an object or the city in general. Such a variety of approaches for creating an urban landscape is partly due to differences in preferences formed during studies in art institutions and is also characteristic for the art of Chernivtsi – a city where people of many nationalities with different cultural traditions have lived side by side for centuries. Ultimately, the artists who worked here in the 20th century were often graduates not only of Ukrainian schools or universities, but also of well-known European institutions, including Vienna, Munich, Florentine, Berlin, Kraków, or Bucharest academies. While in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century the city often appears as the sum of certain architectural structures in the works of artists of Bukovina and visiting masters (F. Emery, R. Bernt, J. Shubirs), in the second half of the 19th – first third of the 20th century the artists mostly try to recreate the dynamics of urban life instead, sometimes depicted with a touch of irony, using the grotesque in the image of the inhabitants (lithography and watercolors by F.-K. Knapp, O. Laske and G. Löwendal). Subsequently, we meet emphasized mood images, in which the author's subjective perception of a particular motive, which he seeks to reproduce in a work full of emotions, is important (L. Kopelman, G. Gorbaty). A peculiar historical retrospection is present in the exquisite graphics of O. Kryvoruchko and in the distilled-finished sheets of O. Lyubkivsky, and the lyrical watercolors and sketches of N. Yarmolchuk represent the non-festive side of the city center. In O. Litvinov's paintings Chernivtsi surprises with desolation and restraint, and in M. Rybachuk's paintings it is distinguished by an unexpected riot of colors. Therefore, each of the artists creates his own image of Chernivtsi, which landscapes often become only a stimulus for the author's imagination, allowing him to depict a completely individual sense of space and life of the city.

scholarly journals University Mission in Western-European Culture (Ethical and Sociological Aspects) P. ІІ

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-130
Author(s):  
Sergiy Volodymirovych Kurbatov ◽  
Mariya Mikhaylivna Rohozha
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
University Rankings ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Western European ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The University

The paper by Sergiy Kurbatov and Mariya Rohozha “The Mission of University in the Western European Culture”(Part II) is devoted to the analyses of transformation of the university as social institution and cultural phenomenon in our time, which we started at the first part of this paper, that was published in “Philosophy of Education”, 2017, № 2 (21)). If the previous paper of these authors included a long chronological period from the origin of the university in late Medieval time up to the 20th century, the current paper is concentrated on analyses of radical challenges, that university faced at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. For example, such popular in contemporary English language literature concept as the end (or the death) of university is observed. The authors tried to analyze sociological attempts to measure the main university activities in the form of international university rankings and the possibilities to develop in Ukraine the ideal models of university, which any system of university rankings have. The special stress was made on the influence of COVID 19 pandemic on transformative processes and institutional development of universities in the nearest future. The main challenges of the 21st century are crucial for the university, because this institution lost monopoly of producing and distribution of advanced knowledge for the first time in history. From the tactic viewpoint, university is less competitive than the different training programs and online courses, it is too conservative and bureaucratic one. But the authors think that in strategic perspective university has a chance for renovation, proving the old maxima that the values and spiritual dimensions of being and the relevant environment are crucial for human being. Almost the millennium of university history proves its ability to pass through the dramatic historical transformation and to continue to maintain its essence.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurial Culture in the Village of the Barbers, Garut, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5C) ◽  
pp. 685-687
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
Entrepreneurial Culture ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City

Garut is not only well-known as the city of dodol, but also as the city of the barbers. Most barbermen in Indonesia come from Garut, precisely from a village named Kampung Parung, Banyuresmi Subdistrict. Usually, upon completion of high schools, they go to big cities to open barbershops instead of going to universities. This has been a well-established entrepreneurial culture in that village for decades. The purpose of this study is to identify how this long entrepreneurial culture is established. To this end, a survey was addressed to 120 barbermen. The results show that family plays an important role in establishment of entrepreneurial culture in the village in question. Education is not much of importance to them.

8. Judaism today

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Solomon
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Religious Leadership ◽  
Jewish Thought ◽  
The Impact ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Second World

No religion has emerged unchanged into the 21st century. Increasing secularization of Western governments has undermined the power of religious leadership and people’s values have changed. Lots of people have abandoned organized religion. ‘Judaism today’ examines the impact of postmodernist thinking in recent times on Judaism. World Jewry has found itself at the centre of two 20th-century events that have affected it in unique ways: the trauma of the Shoah, or Holocaust, and the establishment of the State of Israel. Four areas in which Jewish thought has developed since the Second World War are considered: Zionism, Holocaust theology, God, and Feminism.

Montevideo

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Art Deco ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City

Montevideo was founded by Spanish colonists in 1724 to thwart Portuguese incursions into Montevideo Bay. It was established as a military buffer and a port city, situated for over a century in an uneasy middle ground between empires. In 1830, Montevideo became the capital of the newly independent Oriental Republic of Uruguay. It has always been the demographic center of the country. By 1930 Montevideo was home to one-third of the country’s population, becoming Latin America’s most “primary” city in terms of share of total population. Since its founding the city has been the national center of politics, finance, media, culture, sports, and the arts. In the 20th century, Uruguay became known as the “Switzerland of South America” and Montevideo the “Athens of the River Plate.” Montevideo in the 20th century was a cosmopolitan and progressive city; a vibrant center of culture and the arts boasting modern infrastructure, a seaside boardwalk, verdant parks, and architecture blending colonial with art deco and art nouveau design. The years following the world wars, however, were beset by growing poverty, socioeconomic polarization, and political instability, the latter reaching a crescendo through the Tupamaro urban guerrilla uprising. The government responded with authoritarian counter-insurgency measures, setting the stage for the military’s takeover in a dictatorship that lasted from 1973 to 1985. With the return of democracy, new social movements advocated for urban services and justice for the victims of state terror. By the 1990s, neoliberalism and globalization had significantly altered the city’s social and spatial physiognomy. New, extreme forms of marginality in shantytowns ringing the city inversely mirrored the hyper-consumerism and conspicuous wealth of the upper-class neighborhoods of the eastern coast. Crime, insecurity, drugs, and violence came to dominate urban realities and sensibilities. The leftist Frente Amplio came to municipal power in 1989, and nationally in 2004, seeking to create a more democratic, participatory, and just city and country, although with mixed results. This article is organized thematically, although it follows a loose chronological order as well. Most of the cited works are in Spanish and written by Uruguayan authors, reflecting the relative dearth of English-language studies of Montevideo. Almost all of the entries are books, with some journal articles published in English also included. It is an interdisciplinary collection mostly drawn from the social sciences and humanities. It should be noted that it is often hard to parse out the difference in studies about “Uruguay” versus “Montevideo.” Often the former assumes the latter, and with half of the country’s population and constituting the nation’s hub, Montevideo is almost always part of any analysis of Uruguay. Nevertheless, the attempt was made to provide a more limited number of generalist works on Uruguay that include or assume Montevideo, while foregrounding those studies that take the city as a primary setting and focus of analysis.

Features of the migration movement of the rural population of the Tambov region in the 20th century at the personal level

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
Valery V. KANISHCHEV
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City

We considered migration movements of groups of people who have achieved certain successes at the regional and all-Russian levels and applied methods of cohort analysis, creation of prosopographic database, microanalysis. The historical approach made it possible to trace changes in the subject of the study over a long period of time. As a result, we established conditions and factors that contributed to the successful consequences of the migration of individual rural residents outside the agrarian society. The most significant factor in future successes, as the study showed, in the 20th century was education above average, especially at the earliest postsecondary age. The studied sample also reflected the factor traditional for Russia – conscription and manifestation of heroism in the defense of the Motherland. Labor migration gave a noticeably less chance of becoming a successful person. As it turned out, those immigrants from the Tambov peasants who did not migrate on their own, but with their parents showed the least “punching” opportunities. Comparisons of sample materials with all-Russian data, first of all, showed that in the general base of rural migrants, the move to the city in connection with admission to study was 20 % less in the RSFSR than in our cohort. Also in the sample there were no rural residents who arrived in non-rural settlements by organizational set. Probably, the least active people were among such non-independent immigrants. It is obvious on all-Russian material that the largest groups of migrants from the village were labor migrants and people who left for family reasons. Their ability to achieve notable life successes compared to the educated and military was lower.

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