scholarly journals Националните митови во современа Европа и негирањето на македонскиот идентитеm

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 107-158
Author(s):  
Наде [Nade] Проева [Proeva]

National myths in modern Europe and denial Macedonian identity The independence proclamation of the Republic of Macedonia in 1991 provoked ardent reactions and denials by its neighbours, against the fact that she was the only peaceful actor in the Yugoslavia’s dissolution. The first negative reactions and denials came from the Southern Neighbor, whose denial was directed towards the name, i.e. the identity, while the others referred to the language, identity and even a part of the territory. The most vociferous and at the same time the most successful was the reaction of the Southern Neighbour, who gained support of the European ‘democrats’, which de facto turned them into accomplices in the open blackmail that demanded the Republic of Macedonia to change its constitutional name. Namely, the 1992 Lisbon Declaration of the E(uropean) C(ouncil) imposed a demand to the Republic of Macedonia to accept any name that would not contain the word “Macedonia” in order to be recognized by the EU!?! The newly independent state was finally admitted to the UN under a reference “the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia” through violation of the provisions of the UN Charter. Twenty years later the country is still enforced to use the offensive reference, and often even to tolerate the FYROM acronym. This article deals precisely with the politics of pressures and blackmail exercised by NATO and EU with regard to the so‑called name dispute. It also centers on national myths that are used in order to “justify” such politics and on the attitude of the European ‘democrats’ towards those national myths. In contrast to the democratic rules preached by NATO and EU across the world, the Republic of Macedonia was and still is blackmailed by an unprincipled demand to select a NEW name in order to please one member-state. As a consequence of that demand, the national myth linked with ancient Macedonians (so-called antiquisation, although the better term is antique-mania) has been revived and upgraded. A number of pseudo-historians with various professional backgrounds, such as journalists, politicians, writers, physicians, and even university professors, has involved in this endeavor. To make things worse, even some historians and archaeologists may be seen in this group, with a mission to defend the right to the name and identity. The societal climate has been politicized to such a degree that not only the neighbours, but even EU has been caught in the vicious circle of competing and mutually exclusive national myths. The Union obviously insists on the philhellenic myth i.e. on the alleged Hellenic roots of the European culture as such. Mity narodowe współczesnej Europy i negowanie tożsamości macedońskiej Niepodległość Republiki Macedonii - państwa, które w 1991 roku drogą pokojową odłączyło się od struktur Jugosławii - wywołała ostre spory z jej sąsiadami. Pierwszy wywołał jej połu­dniowy sąsiad, negując jej nazwę, pozostali sąsiedzi podważali natomiast jej język, tożsamość i prawo do części terytorium. Najgłośniejszy i najbardziej skuteczny w tych działaniach okazał się sąsiad południowy, który otrzymał wsparcie demokracji europejskich, przyczyniając się do tego, że Europejczycy stali się de facto współodpowiedzialni za szantażowanie RM w celu zmiany jej konstytucyjnej nazwy. W oparciu o Deklarację Lizbońską z 1992 roku Rada Europy uwarunkowała uznanie Republiki Macedonii tylko wtedy, gdy z konstytucyjnej nazwy państwa usunięte zostanie słowo Macedonia. Niespotykanym dotąd precedensem w historii ONZ stało się przyjęcie nowego państwa do jej struktur pod nazwą „Była Jugosłowiańska Republika Macedonii”, skróconej do uwłaczającego akronimu FYROM.W artykule podjęto kwestię dotyczącą nacisków ze strony NATO i UE wobec tzw. problemu nazwy a także mitów narodowych, którymi usprawiedliwia się tę politykę oraz stosunku demokracji europejskich wobec tych mitów. Jednak wbrew zasadom demokracji, jakie szerzy UE i NATO, Republika Macedonii była i nadal jest szantażowana bezzasadnym żądaniem znalezienia NOWEJ nazwy według żądań jednego z jej członków.Następstwem tych działań w RM stało się odnowienie i rozszerzenie narodowego mitu o związki z Macedończykami antycznymi. Nieodłącznym elementem towarzyszącym temu zjawisku jest turbo folk oraz wsparcie pseudohistoryków wszelkich profesji: dziennikarzy, polityków, literatów, lekarzy a nawet profesorów uniwersyteckich. Najbardziej zatrważającym – w celu ochrony właściwej nazwy państwa dowodzącej tożsamości – stało się włączenie do tego nurtu zawodowych historyków i archeologów.Sytuacja uległa upolitycznieniu do takiego stopnia, że nie tylko sąsiedzi, ale również UE wkroczyła do magicznego kręgu demonstrowania mitów narodowych, odwołując się do filohelleńskiego mitu rzekomych helleńskich korzeni kultury europejskiej.

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-73
Author(s):  
Anastasia N. Panagakos

In the early 1990s, the Greek diaspora experienced an exceptional period of political mobilization, sparked by the international community’s recognition of the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia as an independent state. While there is little contestation that Macedonia exists as a geographic area, who can claim Macedonian history and ethnic identity is much more problematic. The struggle to claim Macedonian identity has been fought between groups located in Greece, the Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria, and the Greek and Macedonian diasporas, each group proclaiming themselves the true Macedonians. In the diaspora, this struggle has manifested itself through newspaper editorials, letter-writing campaigns, lobbying efforts, festivals, and political rallies.


2018 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Aleksandr V. Fedorov ◽  

The article is dedicated to the review of the laws of the Republic of Macedonia (the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) on criminal liability of legal entities established in 2004 by introduction of amendments and supplements to the Criminal Code of the Republic of Macedonia. The article analyzes legal resolutions allowing consideration of a legal entity as a criminal liability subject; gives a scope of legal entities which can be brought to criminal liability; focuses on the fact that legal entities in the Republic of Macedonia may not be brought to criminal liability for any acts acknowledged as punishable by the national criminal laws, rather for the acts which are specifically addressed in the articles of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Macedonia or other criminal laws. The author reviews such types of criminal sanctions applicable to legal entities as a fine, legal entity liquidation, forfeiture and sentence publication; notes the circumstances taken into account at punishment imposition and conditions for release from punishment as well as criminal and procedural peculiarities of bringing legal entities to liability including indication of broad discretionary powers of a prosecutor in solution of issues on bringing legal entities to criminal liability.


SEEU Review ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-93
Author(s):  
Emine Zendeli

Abstract This research article analyzes the right of disposal of marital property in relation to the undertaking of those legal actions that imply the highest authorizations that legal subjects can have over things. Having in consideration the fact that according to the legislation in the Republic of Macedonia, marital property is joint as are the authorizations of spouses over their joint items, it is important to determine the extent of the disposal, i.e. who disposes of the items of the joint property and to what extent. Referring to the normative framework, which regulates disposal relations of spouses, the article emphasizes the concept and importance of the authorization of disposal of things (alienation or assignment of things from joint ownership), through legal activities (sale, donation, exchange, etc.). In this context, the article tends to draw a divisive line between the administration with the joint item, referring to continuative actions and measures and the disposal of the thing, which is not continuative but, due to legal consequences it causes, has great importance in practice, and as a result, enjoys greater attention in legislators in terms of its limitation compared to the acts of administration with joint items in marriage.


2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.Sc. Albana Metaj-Stojanova

The right to family life is a fundamental human right, recognized by a series of international and European acts, which not only define and ensure its protection, but also emphasize the social importance of the family unit and the institution of marriage. The right to family life has evolved rapidly, since it was first introduced as an international human right by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The family structure and the concept of family life have changed dramatically over the last few decades, influenced by the everchanging social reality of our time and the decline of the institution of marriage. Aside from the traditional European nuclear family composed of two married persons of opposite sex and their marital children, new forms of family structures have arisen. LGTB families are at the centre of the ongoing debate on re-defining marriage and the concept of family life. The aim of this paper is to analyse the degree of protection accorded to family life and to the right to marry, which has long been recognized as one of the vital personal rights essential to the pursuit of happiness by free men by both, international acts ratified by the Republic of Macedonia and the legal system of the country. The methodology applied is qualitative research and use of the analytical, historical and comparative methods. The paper concludes that in general Republic of Macedonia has a solid legal framework, in compliance with the international law, that protects and promotes the right to family life.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-74
Author(s):  
Andon Majhoshev ◽  
Kristijan Jovanov

Occupational safety and health is one of the most important international labor standards of ILO. This means that ILO member states should ensure encouraging and maintenance at the highest level of safe working conditions in order to avoid accidents and occupational diseases. Achieving this goal means that employers must make a continuous risk assessment at the workplace, and at the same time decide whether appropriate measures and activities are necessary in order to create the highest level of safety and health at work, i.e. to avoid side effects. In order to achieve this goal, a systematic approach is necessary in preventive action and connection of all entities that are bearers of certain obligations and activities at the national level, but also beyond the international institutions in this area. By application for membership of the Republic of Macedonia in the European Union on 22 of March 2004, the process of harmonization of the domestic with the European labor legislation begins, and thus inevitably harmonization of the domestic legislation for safety and health at work with the European. Thereby, this process takes place pursuant to article 32 of the Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia, according to which the protection of workers is of primary importance, i.e. health and safety at work is a constitutional-legal category and every individual has the right to work, free choice of employment and work protection. In the harmonization process the basic concept is the Framework Directive 389/391/EES for safety and health at work, according to which the national legislation on safety and health at work should be harmonized exactly according to the principles of this directive.


Author(s):  
В.Д. Дзидзоев

В статье рассматривается, сложная проблема национального самоопределения народов. В современном международном праве, как известно, признаются два кардинально противоположных подхода к решению данной про блемы. Первый подход связан с территориальной целостностью государств, ко торая признается международным правом и уставом ООН, а второй с правом нации на самоопределение вплоть до отделения и возникновения нового незави симого государства. В то же время от влиятельных государств земного шара, а не от международного права зависит, признавать то или иное вновь образо вавшееся государство или не признавать. Классическим примером в этом плане служит Республика Косово, чью независимость признали США и другие государ ства, а независимость Абхазии и Южной Осетии признала РФ и еще несколько государств. The article deals with the complex problem of national selfdetermination of peoples. Modern international law, as we know, recognizes two radically opposite approaches to the solution of this problem. The rst approach is related to the territorial integrity of States, which is recognized by international law and the UN Charter, and the second to the right of a nation to selfdetermination up to the separation and emergence of a new independent state. At the same time, it is up to the in uential States of the world, not international law, to recognize a newly formed state or not to recognize it. Classic examples in this regard are the Republic of Kosovo, separated with the help of the United States, great Britain and other States from Serbia, as well as Abkhazia and South Ossetia, separated from Georgia. The independence of Kosovo was recognized by the USA and other States, and the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia was recognized by Russia and some other States.


2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 323-328
Author(s):  
Marija Karaeva ◽  
Savo Ashtalkoski ◽  
Slavcho Chungurski

As one of the priorities of the European Union, regional policy provides a platform for the regions to be proactive in realizing the benefits of integration and due to the additional fact that Republic of Macedonia aims towards EU integration, the goal of this paper is to provide an answer of the question, whether regional policy in Republic of Macedonia is on the right track and if there is a need for certain interventions and changes in the existing legal framework. Within the frame of this paper the problems in the field of regional development the Republic of Macedonia which are the basis for the establishment of regional policy, will be discussed. After short description of the state of the art of the regional policy in Republic of Macedonia, special attention in the paper will be given to the sources of financing of the regional policy in RM. At the end the focus will be put possible software solution for improving the coordination between regional policy with other sectorial policies.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Ljupcho Petkukeski ◽  
Marko Andonov ◽  
Maja Stefkova Shterieva ◽  
Ljubomir Miodrag Radenkov

A silent company is a company in which a person (a sleeping partner) invests, i.e. participates with a cash or non-cash contribution in the enterprise of another person - the entrepreneur - a public shareholder and on the basis of the contribution acquires the right to participate in the profit and loss share of the enterprise. This company is created by concluding an agreement between the silent and the public shareholder.The silent company is not a trading company in compliance with the macedonian Company law. This company has no legal personality and no company name. It exists only in the relations between the sleeping partner and the entrepreneur - the public shareholder, and it does not appear in the legal relations with third parties. This company is not registered in the registrar of companies that is managed by a competent authority. The entrepreneur is the subject who acts in the legal relations with third parties and is an exclusive holder of all rights and obligations that arise from the business operation.Most commonly this type of company is used to implement business operations that are intended to stay hidden from the public. Reasons like the legal simplicity in the establishment of the company, the wide flexibility in arranging the relations between the public and the sleeping partner, the possibility of an easier way of financing the enterprise, the possibility of securing profits through a secret (silent) investment, make the silent company one of the good forms for successful realization of the business enterprise of the entrepreneur, on the one hand, and on the other hand it serves to satisfy the interest of the secret (silent) investor in a way that his investment will be hidden away from the general public.The main goal of this paper is to present and clarify the legal bases of the silent company in the Republic of Macedonia, to encourage the need for its re-regulation in the legislation of the Republic of Macedonia, as well as to indicate its advantages or weaknesses within the realization of the business operation.


2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1843-1848
Author(s):  
Valentina Pacarska

The Republic of Macedonia proclaimed its independence on September 8, 1991, but its international recognition was blocked by Greece, which considered it to have an exclusive historical right over the name Macedonia that is carrying its northern province and that the use of that name is a sign of territorial claims to Skopje. Macedonia was admitted to the UN in 1993 under the provisional name of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, but most countries, including the United States and Russia, have recognized it under its name, the Republic of Macedonia.In 1995, Macedonia and Greece signed a provisional treaty in New York, which paved the way for the normalization of political and trade relations, leaving the problem with the country's name aside. Macedonia received the status of a candidate for EU membership in 2005, but not a date for start of negotiations, which requires a unanimous decision, which is not possible without the consent of Greece.In this thesis, there is an analysis between these two countries, from the period of signing the interim agreement, which required both parties to adhere to certain conditions, the events after the signing of the agreement until today.


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