scholarly journals „Słownik wyrazów obcego a mniej jasnego pochodzenia…” Jana Karłowicza – wyrazem wiedzy i zamiłowań lituanistycznych autora

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 93-108
Author(s):  
Kristina Rutkovska ◽  
Eva Praškevič

Dictionary of Foreign Words of the Less Known Origin by Jan Karłowicz – an Expression of Knowledge and Lithuanistic Tastes of AuthorThe object of the description in the article is Lithuanian lexicon occurring in the Dictionary of foreign words of the less known origin (EWS) composed by Jan Karłowicz, who was involved in the multifaceted research on the Lithuanian language and culture – he studied the Lithuanian dialect, local names, and initiated research on Lithuanian folklore. He also published materials from Lithuania (ethnographic descriptions, folklore and language descriptions of the Samogitian nobility) in the Wisla, previously editing them and adding comments in the text to the Lithuanian vocabulary. His onomastic collections as well as the study About the Lithuanian Language have been rediscovered by Lithuanian linguists who devoted a separate study to them.Solid knowledge of comparative linguistics and his own experience in research the Lithuanian language and culture, work with Lithuanian printed materials, hand­written or derived from field studies in Lithuania, allowed him to use the knowledge and materials in very different ways. Next to words analyzed in the EWS, he included the words of Lithuanian origin and next – Slavic borrowings of Lithuanian dialects, thereby contributing indirectly to the study of foreign lexis in the Lithuanian dia­lects. A similar historic-linguistic interpretation was acceptable in those days when the methodology of etymological research was just developing and every manifestation of language was worth documenting.Karłowicz’s EWS is very important for researchers of the Baltic-Slavic border. He detected a significant part of the Lithuanian lexicon and, more broadly – regional lexicon in intensive Slavic-Lithuanian relations. The greater part of Lithuanianisms was recorded in the mid-nineteenth century, when peasants in Lithuania started massive convertions to the Polish language. At the same time, he documented Lithuanian realities, giving them detailed descriptions. He provided much to linguists researchers who intensively practiced typological and comparative linguistics of Lithuanian words in the nineteenth century, citing unknown tokens of direct contacts with Lithuanianism, not listed in the then existing collections of Lithuanian lexis (Kurschat, Nesselmann). Słownik wyrazów obcego a mniej jasnego pochodzenia… Jana Karłowicza – wyrazem wiedzy i zamiłowań lituanistycznych autoraPrzedmiotem opisu w artykule jest leksyka litewska, występująca w Słowniku wyrazów obcego a mniej jasnego pochodzenia… (SWO) Jana Karłowicza, który był zaangażo­wany w badania nad językiem i kulturą litewską wieloaspektowo – badał narzecza litewskie, nazwy miejscowe, inicjował badania nad folklorem litewskim. Publikował też materiały z Litwy (opisy etnograficzne, folklor, opis języka szlachty żmudzkiej) w czasopiśmie „Wisła”, uprzednio je redagując i umieszczając w tekście komentarze do leksyki litewskiej. Jego zbiory onomastyczne, podobnie jak i studium O języku litewskim, zostało na nowo odkryte przez językoznawców litewskich, poświęcono im odrębne opracowania.Solidna wiedza z zakresu językoznawstwa porównawczego i własne doświadczenie badacza języka i kultury litewskiej, praca z litewskimi materiałami drukowanymi, rękopiśmiennymi czy też pochodzącymi z badań terenowych na Litwie pozwoliły mu na wykorzystanie tej wiedzy i materiałów w bardzo różnorodny sposób. Umieszcza on w dokumentacji do wyrazów analizowanych w SWO wyrazy pochodzenia litewskiego i obok – zapożyczenia słowiańskie do gwar litewskich, tym samym przyczyniając się pośrednio do badań nad leksyką obcą w gwarach litewskich. Taki sposób interpretacji historycznojęzykowych był do zaakceptowania w owych czasach, kiedy metodologia badań etymologicznych dopiero się kształtowała, a każdy przejaw języka był wart dokumentowania.Znaczenie SWO Karłowicza dla badaczy pogranicza bałtycko-słowiańskiego jest ogromne. Zarejestrował on znaczną część leksyki litewskiej i szerzej – regionalnej w okresie intensywnych kontaktów słowiańsko-litewskich. Większa część lituani­zmów w polszczyźnie północnokresowej została odnotowana w połowie XIX w., kiedy miało miejsce masowe przechodzenie na język polski warstw włościańskich na Litwie. Udokumentował tym samym nazwy oddające ówczesne realia litewskie. Dostarczył badaczom, intensywnie uprawiającym w XIX w. językoznawstwo typologiczne i kom­paratystyczne, wyrazów litewskich do studiów porównawczych. Zarejestrowany przez Karłowicza litewski materiał leksykalny często pochodził z jego własnych badań tere­nowych nad gwarami litewskimi i nie był notowany w ówczesnych zbiorach leksyki litewskiej (słownikach Kurschata, Nesselmanna).

2020 ◽  
pp. 129-148
Author(s):  
Halyna Маtsyuk

The article is devoted to the formation of a linguistic interpretation of the interaction of language and culture of the Polish-Ukrainian border territories. The material for the analysis includes nomic systems of Ukrainian and Polish languages, which are considered as a cultural product of interpersonal and interethnic communication and an element of the language system, as well as invariant scientific theory created in the works of Polish onomastics (according to key theoretical concepts, tradition of analysis, and continuity in linguistic knowledge). The analysis performed in the article allows us to single out the linguistic indicators of the interaction of language and culture typical for the subject field of sociolinguistics. These are connections and concepts: language-territory, language-social strata, language-gender, language-ethnicity, social functions of the Polish language, and non-standardized spelling systems. Linguistic indicators reveal the peculiar mechanisms of the border in the historical memory and collective consciousness, marking the role of languages in these areas as a factor of space and cultural marker and bringing us closer to understanding the social relations of native speakers in the fifteenth-nineteenth centuries.


2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-363
Author(s):  
Barbara L. Coffey

Materials that were born digital, and printed materials that have been digitized, have aided an updated examination of nineteenth-century US whaling voyages’ financial returns. Items included the American Offshore Whaling Voyages dataset from whalinghistory.org , The Whalemen’s Shipping List and Merchant’s Transcript, a congressman’s speech and a state’s census reports. These works and others, with analysis, showed that for the 11,257 analysable voyages ending in the 1800s, the mean return was 4.7% and 4.6% for whaling and US government bonds, respectively. Ideally, this work will place the nineteenth-century US whaling industry returns in context of other investments.


PMLA ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monroe Z. Hafter

A recent article of Leon Livingstone rightly calls attention to the importance of Pérez Galdós' assimilation of Cervantine irony as a forerunner of the concern of modern Spanish novelists about the autonomy of their characters. The unreality of rationalism, which Livingstone holds to be the germ of El amigo Manso, the imagination's capacity to create reality at the heart of Misericordia, lead to the even bolder experiments in the artistic representation of reality undertaken by Unamuno, Azorín, Valle-Inclán, and Pérez de Ayala. Anomalous for his time yet so pervasive in his work is Galdós' employment of “interior duplication” that a separate study would contribute to our fuller understanding of his art as well as to our measure of the advances in the Spanish novel of the latter half of the nineteenth century. The present essay focuses on Galdós' developing skill with internal repetitions from La Fontana de Oro (publ. 1870), through the rich complexities of the novels written between 1886–89, to their almost stylized simplicity in El abuelo (1897). Always related to Cervantine irony, the variety of verbal echoes, the mirroring of one character in another, the unconscious illumination each may offer the other, underscore the increasingly intimate wedding of form and matter with which Galdós came to unfold his narratives.


Język Polski ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-118
Author(s):  
Dorota Krystyna Rembiszewska ◽  
Janusz Siatkowski

The text discusses the wordsmi(e)zyniec, mizynek ‘little finger’, ‘youngest child, calf, piglet, chicken’. A few decades ago, K. Nitsch dedicated a separate study to this subject, published in the Język Polski journal. Our text, contingent on the methodologies of linguistic geography, presents the history and geography of these words in Polish within the broader Slavic context. It follows from the findings that the individual forms from the *měz- stem are to be differently viewed. Some forms may certainly be seen as relics of the early Slavic unity and cannot be treated as lexical borrowings. Besides, some forms, especially the *mězinъkъ deriva-tive which has no equivalent of the mie- form in the Polish language, can be seen as a Ukrainian loan word.


LingVaria ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
pp. 205-217
Author(s):  
Mirosław Skarżyński

Contributions to the History of the Society of Friends of the Polish LanguageTowarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego (‘Society of Friends of the Polish Language’) is the oldest such society and greatly distinguished for the popularization of knowledge about the language, and also for the knowledge about Polish itself. The few publications devoted to it, written mostly on the occasion of anniversaries, tend to overlook the figure of Andrzej Gawroński (1885–1927), an outstanding expert in Sanskrit, a linguist, and a professor of the Lviv University, despite the fact that archive materials show that he played a very significant role in the creation of the Society, and even penned the preliminary version of its charter. This paper presents Gawroński’s part in the forming of TMJP; it is based on extant letters from A. Gawroński to Kazimierz Nitsch from years 1919–1921 (Archive of Science of PAN and PAU in Cracow), letters from K. Nitsch to linguists Henryk Ułaszyn and Antonina Obrębska-Jabłońska, and also on the few printed materials from years 1918–1927.


2020 ◽  
pp. 217-248
Author(s):  
Roma Bončkutė

SOURCES OF SIMONAS DAUKANTAS’S BUDĄ SENOWĘS-LËTUWIÛ KALNIENÛ ĨR ƵÁMAJTIÛ (1845) The article investigates Simonas Daukantas’s (1793–1864) BUDĄ Senowęs-Lëtuwiû Kalnienû ĩr Ƶámajtiû (The Character of the Lithuanian Highlanders and Samogitians of the Old Times, 1845; hereafter Bd) with regards to genre, origin of the title, and the dominant German sources of the work. It claims that Daukantas conceived Bd because he understood that the future of Lithuania is closely related to its past. A single, united version of Lithuanian history, accepted by the whole nation, was necessary for the development of Lithuanian national identity and collective feeling. The history, which up until then had not been published in Lithuanian, could have helped to create the contours of a new society by presenting the paradigmatic events of the past. The collective awareness of the difference between the present and the past (and future) should have given the Lithuanian community an incentive to move forward. Daukantas wrote Bd quickly, between 1842 and May 28, 1844, because he drew on his previous work ISTORYJE ƵEMAYTYSZKA (History of the Lithuanian Lowlands, ~1831–1834; IƵ). Based on the findings of previous researchers of Daukantas’s works, after studying the dominant sources of Bd and examining their nature, this article comes to the conclusion that the work has features of both cultural history and regional historiography. The graphically highlighted form of the word “BUDĄ” used in the work’s title should be considered the author’s code. Daukantas, influenced by the newest culturological research and comparative linguistics of the 18th–19th centuries, propagated that Lithuanians originate from India and, like many others, found evidence of this in the Lithuanian language and culture. He considered the Budini (Greek Βουδίνοι), who are associated with the followers of Buddha, to be Lithuanian ancestors. He found proof of this claim in the language and chose the word “būdas” (character), which evokes aforementioned associations, to express the idea of the work.


2007 ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Bogusław Nowowiejski

In the first part of the article the author justifies a large number of approximately 800 proverbs, in the strict sense of the word, which appear in the third edition of Dokładny niemiecko-polski słownik (Detailed Polish-German dictionary) by Christoph Coelestin Mrongovius from 1854, with didactic pragmatism and other requirements of the nineteenth century lexicographical workshop typical for the then translator dictionaries , including a tendency to serve an edifying purpose. The second part of the article, which is more extensive, includes conclusions coming from the analysis of the linguistic material. They imply that even though a great deal of the analyzed proverbs seem well known as they are a living element of the Polish language from the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, a contemporary user of Polish finds many of them not only completely strange and foreign but also archaic. Such a perception is influenced, among the others, by the fact that some proverbs have been completely forgotten for different reasons. Other seem hardly legible in result of their lexical composition, which includes ancient and already forgotten words or their meanings, i.e. dictionary and semantic archaisms; sometimes, past morphological and grammatical forms make a proverb seem strange for contemporary Polish people.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Marzena S. Wysocka

The article offers an insight into problematic issues the advanced learners of Polish as a FL cope with in terms of grammar in speaking and writing. It opens with a brief insight into teaching literature, poetry including, in a FL classroom. What follows includes types of poems and their potential to be used in the teaching context, mainly when teaching grammar. Having presented  the scope of linguistic problems experienced by the users of Polish as a FL, the type and frequency of grammatical problems are discussed. Polish grammar-based issues the foreigners struggle with constituted the main area of the research conducted among 146 students of the Polish Language Course attending the School of Polish Language and Culture at the University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. The findings come from oral and written assignments produced by the sample in question, and, most frequently, reflect grammatical mistakes that are persistent and difficult to eliminate from the linguistic repertoire. Given that,  ways of using poetry as a means of a “grammar refresher” are suggested. These include a few examples of activities based on poems to be used  when trying to overcome particular linguistic difficulties, together with implications for teachers raising students’ language awareness and developing reflection on language per se.


Author(s):  
Michael Laffan

This chapter discusses the rise, largely in the nineteenth century, of a new form of populist authority that expanded the scope of Islamic activity beyond the reach of ever more marginalized courts. Indonesian Islam, supported in some instances by a growing native economy, moves away from court-mandated orthodoxy towards a closer connection with Mecca and the Middle East mediated by independent teachers. In some instances, these independent religious masters were able to prosper and to adapt to new modes of Sufi organization that saw the adoption of the tariqas in favor in the Ottoman Empire. By the century's end, the Naqshbandis in particular were exploring new ways of broadening their constituencies. These included somewhat controversial short-courses of instruction and the dissemination of printed materials that were increasingly available to a pesantren-schooled section of the public.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-342
Author(s):  
Paul Michael Kurtz

Hellenic language and culture occupy a deeply ambivalent place in the mapping of Jewish history. If the entanglement of the Jewish and the Greek became especially conflicted for modern Jews in philhellenic Europe, nowhere was it more vexed than in the German-speaking lands of the long nineteenth century. Amidst the modern redefinition of what it meant to be Jewish as well as doubts about the genuine Jewishness of Hellenistic Judaism, how did scholars identify Jewish authorship behind ambiguous, fragmented, and interpolated texts – all the more with much of the Hebraic allegedly deprived by the Hellenic? This article not only argues for the contingency of diagnostic features deployed to define the Jewish amidst the Greek but also maintains the embeddedness of those features in nineteenth-century Germany. It scrutinizes the criteria deployed to establish Jewish texts and authors of the Hellenistic period: the claims and qualities assumedly suggestive of Judaism. First, the inquiry investigates which characteristics German Jewish scholars expected to see in Greek-speaking Jewish writers of antiquity, interrogating their procedures and their verdicts. Second, it examines how these expectations of antiquity corresponded to those scholars’ own modern world. The analysis centers on Jacob Bernays (1824–1881) and Jacob Freudenthal (1839–1907), two savants who helped establish the modern study of Hellenistic Judaism. Each overturned centuries of learned consensus by establishing an ancient author – Pseudo-Phocylides and Eupolemus, respectively – as Jewish, rather than Christian or pagan. This article ultimately reveals the subtle entanglements as well as the mutually conditioning forces not only of antiquity and modernity but also of the personal and academic, manifest both in the philological analysis of ancient texts and in the larger historiography of antique Judaism in the Graecophone world.


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