Disgust, Moral Disgust, and Morality

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Gert
Keyword(s):  
Moral Norms ◽  
Signaling System ◽  
Signaling Mechanisms ◽  
Direct Light ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Moral Disgust ◽  
Core Disgust ◽  
Moral Wrongness

This paper calls into question the idea that moral disgust is usefully regarded as a form of genuine disgust. This hypothesis is questionable even if, as some have argued, the spread of moral norms through a community makes use of signaling mechanisms that are central to core disgust. The signaling system is just one part of disgust, and may well be completely separable from it. Moreover, there is plausibly a significant difference between the cognitive scientist’s concept of an emotion and the everyday notion of that emotion. Finally, even if, as this paper contests, some form of disgust were directly elicited by the moral wrongness of certain kinds of behavior, research on the socio-moral elicitors of the disgust mechanism would still be unlikely to shed much direct light on the nature or content of morality.

scholarly journals Deconstructing Judicial Expressions of Disgust

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9(5)) ◽  
pp. 636-658
Author(s):  
Heather Conway ◽  
John Stannard
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Displays ◽  
Moral Disgust ◽  
Emotional Resonance ◽  
Core Disgust

Though much has been written about judicial anger and other emotional displays from the judicial bench, comparatively little attention has been paid to disgust. This particular emotion does not seem to be expressed or reflected by judges as much as other negative sentiments or feelings; “disgust” also has an emotional resonance that we might not associate with things like anger and sadness, and exists in more than one form. Focusing on a sample of cases in which judges have used the term, the article questions what type of disgust is being shown (“core” disgust or “socio-moral” disgust), whether the emotion is experienced or articulated, and what the significance is of using the word “disgust” in the judicial narrative. Si bien mucho se ha escrito sobre la ira judicial y otras manifestaciones de emoción por parte de la judicatura, se ha prestado relativamente poca atención a la repugnancia. Parece que los jueces no suelen expresar o reflejar dicha emoción tan a menudo como otros sentimientos negativos; la “repugnancia” también tiene un eco emocional que, posiblemente, no relacionamos con la ira y la tristeza, y existe en varias formas. Centrándonos en una muestra de casos en los que los jueces han utilizado el término, en el artículo cuestionamos qué tipo de repugnancia se está mostrando (repugnancia “básica” o repugnancia “socio-moral”), si la emoción está siendo experimentada o articulada, y cuál es el significado del uso de la palabra “repugnancia” en la narrativa judicial.

scholarly journals Do High Psychopaths Care More about Moral Consequences than Low Psychopaths in Chinese Culture? An Exploration Using the CNI Model

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 505
Author(s):  
Shenglan Li ◽  
Daoqun Ding ◽  
Zhihui Wu ◽  
Liangliang Yi ◽  
Ji Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Action Model ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
General Preference ◽  
Chinese Subjects

Purpose: Fewer studies are about the influence of psychopath traits on moral judgment and the underlying psychological mechanism in Chinese cultural background. In this paper, we use the creative CNI (Consequences, Norms, Inaction versus action) model to quantify the subject’s reaction to moral dilemmas. Method: In this research, the Chinese version of the Levenson Psychopathic Scale, CNI model materials, and a multinomial model to further analyze the associations among the psychopathy characteristics and utilitarian moral judgment are applied. The CNI model is proposed by Gawronski et al., which can quantify the subjects’ sensitivity to moral consequence, sensitivity to moral norms, and the general preference for inaction or action in moral dilemmas. Result: This study finds that there were significant differences in the utilitarian moral judgment between the groups, t (360) = 3.24, p = 0.001, and Cohen’s d = 0.36. The analysis results of the CNI model show that the high psychopathy group on the N parameter was significantly lower than the group of low psychopathy, ΔG2 (2) = 79.70, p = 0.001. In terms of the C parameter, we found no significant distinctions between the two groups, ΔG2 (2) = 1.356, p = 0.244. For the I parameter, the two groups also have no significant differences, ΔG2 (2) = 0.093, p = 0.76. Conclusion: Persons with high psychopathy traits prefer to make more utilitarian moral judgments and have a weak sensitivity to moral norms (N). The sensitivity to consequences (C) of the two groups is no significant difference. The general preference for inaction versus action (I) also has no significant differences between those two groups. Moreover, the CNI model fits well in Chinese subjects.

scholarly journals The Positive and Negative Provocativeness of Transgressive Art As a Manifestation of Its Multimodality

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina-Dzhoanna Gomes ◽  
Nonna Eyngorn
Keyword(s):  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Safe Environment ◽  
Nature And Culture ◽  
Moral Disgust ◽  
Transgressive Fiction

Feelings such as moral disgust, protest and antipathy are increasingly understood as the most important aspects of cognitive processes in moral psychology and reveal the complex structure of human nature and culture. Transgressive fiction, cinema or visual arts which are characterized by a graphic representation of violence and different traumatic experiences, are a strong ethical stimulus. In this article, transgressive art is viewed through the prism of its multimodality. The article examines both the positive and negative roles of transgressive art in the constitution and the confirmation of the boundaries and limits of social acceptability. By acknowledging the risks of aestheticization of violence that can expand the ethical boundaries of a person as a witness, this study also elicits that transgressive art offers a safe environment for exploring taboos without consequences for the audience. Although transgressive art depicts various violations of moral norms, it does not deny the boundaries of what is permitted, but only confirms them. Keywords: transgressive art, multimodality, transgression, moral norms, public morality, ethical boundaries, screen violence

scholarly journals The effect of free-field presentation and processing strategy on a measure of spectro-temporal processing by cochlear-implant listeners

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Archer-Boyd ◽  
Tobias Goehring ◽  
Robert P. Carlyon
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implant ◽  
Automatic Gain Control ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Processing Strategy ◽  
Temporal Cues ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Psychophysical Test

The STRIPES (Spectro-Temporal Ripple for Investigating Processor EffectivenesS) test is a psychophysical test of spectro-temporal resolution developed for cochlear implant (CI) listeners. Previously, the test has been strictly controlled to minimize the introduction of extraneous, non-spectro-temporal cues. Here, the effect of relaxing many of those controls was investigated to ascertain the generalizability of the STRIPES test. Pre-emphasis compensation was not applied to the spectrum of the STRIPES stimuli, the test was presented over a loudspeaker at a level above the automatic gain control (AGC) threshold of the CI processor, and listeners were tested using the “everyday” setting of their clinical devices. There was no significant difference in STRIPES thresholds measured across conditions for the majority of the CI listeners tested. One listener obtained thresholds above the theoretical spectral limit of performance when listening with their clinical processor. An analysis of longitudinal results showed excellent test-retest reliability over multiple listening sessions. Overall the results show that the STRIPES test is robust to extraneous cues, and that thresholds are reliable over time. Above a threshold limit defined by the filter settings of the CI processor used, no guarantee of the validity can be made of measured thresholds, and thresholds may be more variable. The STRIPES test may be sufficiently robust for use across CI manufacturers and in non-research settings.

scholarly journals Extremely preterm infant admissions within the SafeBoosC-III consortium during the COVID-19 lockdown

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Isabel Rasmussen ◽  
Mathias Lühr Hansen ◽  
Gerhard Pichler ◽  
Eugene Dempsey ◽  
Adelina Pellicer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care Units ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Local Impact ◽  
Major Reduction

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate if the number of admitted extremely preterm (EP) infants (born before 28 weeks of gestational age) has changed in the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) of the SafeBoosC-III consortium during the global lockdown when compared to the corresponding time period in 2019.DesignThis is a retrospective, observational study. Forty-six out of 79 NICUs (58%) from 17 countries participated. Principal investigators were asked to report the following information: 1) Total number of EP infant admissions to their NICU in the three months where the lockdown restrictions were most rigorous during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, 2) Similar EP infant admissions in the corresponding three months of 2019, 3) the level of local restrictions during the lockdown period and 4) the local impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the everyday life of a pregnant woman.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the number of EP infant admissions during the three most rigorous lockdown months of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the corresponding three months in 2019 (n=428 versus n=457 respectively, p=0.33). There were no significant changes within individual geographic regions and no significant association between the level of lockdown restrictions and change in the number of EP infant admissions (p=0.334).ConclusionThis larger ad hoc study did not confirm previous studies’ report of a major reduction in the number of extremely preterm births during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Soluble CD163 as a Potential Biomarker in Systemic Sclerosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camelia Frantz ◽  
Sonia Pezet ◽  
Jerome Avouac ◽  
Yannick Allanore
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Signaling System ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Urine And Serum ◽  
Age And Sex

Objective. To evaluate the performance of serum and urinary sCD163 concentrations as possible biomarker in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Methods. Urine and serum samples were obtained from SSc patients and age- and sex-matched controls. Serum and urinary sCD163 concentrations were measured by commercially available ELISA kit. SSc patients were assessed following international guidelines. Cross-sectional analyses were performed. Results. Two hundred and three SSc patients were included. The control group consisted of 47 age- and sex-matched patients having noninflammatory diseases, mainly osteoporosis. Serum sCD163 levels were significantly higher in SSc patients compared with controls (mean ± SD: 529 ± 251 versus 385 ± 153 ng/mL; p<0.001). Urinary sCD163 concentrations were higher in SSc patients than controls, but this did not reach significance (236 ± 498 versus 176 ± 173 ng/mg uCr; p=0.580). The sCD163 concentrations were not associated with clinical, laboratory, and instrumental characteristics of SSc patients. Conclusion. To our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of both serum and urinary sCD163 levels in SSc. Our results show a significant difference for sera values that should be prioritized for further studies as compared to urinary measurements. Our results further support that the M2 macrophages/CD163 signaling system may play a role in the pathogenesis of SSc, although we could not identify a subset of SSc patients with higher concentrations.

Effect of spaceflight on the subcutaneous venoarteriolar reflex in the human lower leg

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 959-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Gabrielsen ◽  
Peter Norsk
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Statistical Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Decrease Blood Flow ◽  
Subcutaneous Blood Flow

Whenever the legs are lowered in humans, a venoarteriolar reflex is activated by the hydrostatic distension of the venules. Through local axon reflexes, the adjacent arterioles are contracted to decrease blood flow and prevent formation of edema. Because the venoarteriolar reflex is activated by gravity, we tested the hypothesis that long-term weightlessness would attenuate it. The reduction in subcutaneous blood flow was measured by the 133Xe washout technique just proximal to the ankle joint in dependent lower legs of eight supine astronauts, where the knee joint was passively bent by 90°. The measurements were conducted before spaceflight and 3–6 h on landing following 4–6.5 mo in space. Activation of the venoarteriolar reflex reduced subcutaneous blood flow by 37 ± 9% ( P = 0.016) before flight and by 64 ± 8% ( P < 0.001) following landing with no statistical significant difference between the two reductions ( P = 0.062). Therefore, our results show that the venoarteriolar reflex is not attenuated by weightlessness and therefore does not need the everyday stimulus of gravity to maintain efficiency.

scholarly journals Circadian variation of pain as a measure of the analgesia requirements during the first 24-postoperative hours in patients using an opioid Patient Controlled Analgesia delivery system

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Delivery System ◽  
Circadian Variation ◽  
P Value ◽  
Patient Controlled Analgesia ◽  
Post Operative Pain ◽  
Single Organism ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Night Period

Circadian rhythms have governed the everyday life of every single organism that has lived on Earth. The present study addresses the rhythms of cortisol and melatonin, their analgesic properties and the potential circadian rhythm of pain as a driver of the frequency of self-administered analgesia in postoperative patients with an opioid Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) delivery system. It aims to determine if acute 24-hour post-operative pain displays a circadian variation by analysing the number of times that patients self-administered morphine for pain relief and incidentally to determine if gender has any association with the frequency of self-administered analgesia. For that purpose, the frequencies of self-administered analgesia were divided into four periods of six hours each (three of them approximately corresponded to the day, and 1 to the night). A Multi-level Poisson regression analysis compared frequencies during period 4 (night) to all others (1, 2 and 3). The results show that there was a statistically significant difference between the frequencies of self-administered opioids in the night period compared to any other day period (p-value of <0.001, for periods 1, 2 and 3 respectively compared to period 4). Differences in terms of gender were also statistically significant (p < 0.001) with men’s opioid consumption almost double that of women’s but with much steeper rate of decline (p<0.001). These results may be partly explained by the rhythms of melatonin, cortisol and ß-endorphine, morphine’s chronopharmacology and possibly by oestrogen and progesterone.  

The Argument

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Stephen Farrall ◽  
Susanne Karstedt
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
Serial Killers ◽  
Grey Zone ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Form Part

It is our belief that contemporary criminology has for too long looked past particular types of crime. These types of crime, which we refer to as ‘crimes of everyday life’, fall into something of a ‘grey zone’, and include, amongst other things: ‘jumping’ red lights; speeding; littering; ‘padding’ insurance claims; and knowingly purchasing fake goods, such as watches. These are the sorts of crimes that many people do not consider to be crimes at all. We will call these ‘crimes of the middle classes’. Not all these behaviours, we ought to add, are formally illegal. They are referred to as ‘sharp’, ‘shady’, or ‘unfair’ practices, or as ‘morally dubious’ behaviours. The phrase, ‘crimes of everyday life’, is used to signify that these activities are not unusual, uncommon, or, in some other way, events of an outstanding nature. They form part of many people’s experiences and as such are often treated by them and others as ‘mundane’ and ‘just part of life’, ‘typical’, or ‘par for the course’. All are so incredibly common that we (as a society as well as criminologists) have gazed past these activities as we search for explanations of ‘real crimes’ and ‘real criminals’ like serial killers, murderous children, and drug smugglers. As well as attempting to draw attention to these sorts of crimes, we seek to account for their prevalence in society by focusing not just on individual morality but also the moral norms of certain social groups and societies. An understanding of historical change also informs our thinking on this matter. In this way we aim to fuse together individuals, social groups, societies, and macro-level social changes in an explanation of one type of ‘crimes of the everyday’: those found in the contemporary marketplace....

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