The Speed of Justice

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-46
Author(s):  
Florence Kondylis ◽  
Mattea Stein
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Judicial Efficiency ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Legal Fees ◽  
Roll Out

Abstract Can procedural reforms improve judicial efficiency? And do improvements in judicial efficiency benefit firms? We combine the staggered roll-out of a reform that required judges in Senegal to complete pre-trials within four months with high-frequency caseload data and firm tax filings. The reform improved judicial efficiency, with no e.ect on quality. Firm monthly revenues drop by 8-11 percent upon entering pre-trial, and decline by on average 3.2-5.0 percent for every 100 days a case spends in pre-trial. Survey results show firms are willing to pay higher legal fees to achieve post-reform speed, suggesting positive benefits of the reform on firms.

Estimation of annual pollutant loadings in two small catchments and examination of their differences caused by regional properties

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fujii ◽  
M. Moriya ◽  
P. Songprasert ◽  
H. Ihara
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
Precipitation Pattern ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
One Year ◽  
Small Catchments

A series of runoff surveys was conducted for more than one year in two small catchments of the Kamo River basin (75.4 km2) and the Takano River basin (66.8 km2) in Kyoto, Japan, which adjoin each other, and may have the same precipitation pattern. The investigation consisted of a high-frequency periodic survey, a long-term regular survey and a storm event survey. The survey results were compared with the regional properties of the basins, and the following results were obtained. (1) Pollutant loadings were successfully estimated as two portions of base discharge and storm events discharge from the survey results. (2) Estimated annual loading of the sites was 2.9–4.5, 1.3–1.8, 17–27, 1.3–2.2, 0.076–0.97 t/km2/y, respectively for CODMn, DOC, SS, TN and TP. (3) 52–53% of the whole flow, which was caused by rainfall events, conveyed 81–87, 68–73, 92–95, 64–67, 76–81% of the whole loading, respectively for CODMn, DOC, SS, TN and TP. (4) Differences of regional properties in two basins cause different runoff patterns, but the differences in runoff patterns also depend on the rainfall patterns. In general, a more urbanized basin receives early and strong influence of precipitation on the storm event runoff.

A Health Condition Survey of Japanese People in the Prime of Life, Based on National MHTS and Human Dry Dock Statistics

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (02) ◽  
pp. 134-139
Author(s):  
N. Sasamori
Keyword(s):  
Liver Function ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Japanese People ◽  
Impaired Liver Function ◽  
Impaired Liver ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Dry Dock ◽  
Health Deterioration

AbstractA health condition survey was made of Japanese persons in the prime of life regarding six abnormalities (obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, liver dysfunction) occurring with high frequency. It was demonstrated that impaired liver function and elevation in blood cholesterol are the main causes of health deterioration in persons in the prime of life. The survey results suggest that the deterioration of their health is associated with their lifestyle.

scholarly journals Confidence and Hesitancy During the Early Roll-out of COVID-19 Vaccines Among Black, Hispanic, and Undocumented Immigrant Communities: a Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SarahAnn M. McFadden ◽  
Jemal Demeke ◽  
Debbie Dada ◽  
Leo Wilton ◽  
Mengzu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hispanic Americans ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Roll Out

AbstractBlack and Hispanic Americans have been hardest hit with COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, and deaths, yet during the first several months of vaccine roll-out they had the lowest level of vaccine uptake. Primarily, our research on vaccine hesitancy focused on skepticism around the vaccine itself and its roll-out. Our search strategy used PUBMED and Google with a prescribed set of definitions and search terms for two reasons: there were limited peer-reviewed studies during early period of roll-out and real-time perspectives were crucially needed. Literature searches occurred in April 2021and covered September 2020-April 2021. Analyses included expert opinion, survey results and qualitative summaries. Overall, for the general U.S. population, there was considerable hesitancy initially that remained high during the early roll-out. The general population expressed concerns over the speed of vaccine development (“warp speed”), confidence in the competence of government being involved in the development of vaccines and general mistrust of government. Among Black and Hispanic Americans, hesitancy was further expressed as mistrust in the medical establishment that was related to past and current medical mistreatment. Undocumented immigrants worried about access to insurance and possible deportation. These results on confidence in the vaccine early during vaccine roll-out suggest diverse reasons that influence a person’s decision to vaccinate or not. Additional barriers to vaccine uptake include complacency and access. To ensure health equity, particularly to address disparities in morbidity and mortality, vaccine hesitancy needs to be acknowledged and addressed as COVID-19 vaccine roll-out continues, and these observations calls for conscious planning to address these issues early with future health crises.

scholarly journals Stress Factors among Nurses at the Primary and Secondary Level of Public Sector Health Care: The Case of Slovenia

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 416-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmina Starc
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Secondary Level ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Organisational Culture ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Public Sector Health ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Violence In The Workplace

BACKGROUND: Working in nursing is mentally and physically demanding and is one of the most stressful professions.AIM: To determine the basic causes of stress and examine the symptoms of stress among healthcare professionals at the primary and secondary level of health care.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research was based on the descriptive and causal non-experimental method of empirical research. The independent samples t-test was used.RESULTS: The survey results have shown that those employed in nursing are exposed to stressful situations on a daily basis, most often involving psychological or physical violence in the workplace (M = 4.2), dealing with death (M = 3.9), lack of personnel (M = 3.9) and a high frequency of patients (M = 3.8). The following stress factors cause women greater stress than they do men: relationships among co-workers (t = 2.745; p = 0.006), psychological or physical violence in the workplace (t = 3.492; p = 0.001), and working with difficult patients (t = 2.427; p = 0.017).CONCLUSION: To manage risks, employees and employers must work together and establish a suitable safety and organisational culture, which would enable them to manage and reduce stress.

scholarly journals Construction claim problems in Malaysia: from the contractors perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 02004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bakhary Nor Azmi ◽  
Adnan Hamimah ◽  
Ibrahim Azmi
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Management System ◽  
Construction Project ◽  
Risk Allocation ◽  
Allocation System ◽  
Construction Claims ◽  
Site Staff ◽  
Critical Problems ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Common Problems

There is high frequency of disputes arising from construction contract claims. Even with the most expert understanding of construction contract and the most reasonable risk-allocation system, claims will continue to present problems if they are poorly managed in practice. The significantly increasing number of construction claims indicates the need for the implementation of an effective construction claim management. This research aimed at surveying the most common problems experienced by Malaysian contractors in construction project. The paper presents the survey results and main findings, which indicate that the lack of site staff awareness to proactively detect claims, inaccessibility or unavailability of relevant documents, and conflicts arising during owner/contractor negotiation are all critical problems associated with the process of claim management. The problems observed from this research could be used to solve or improve the contractors' claim management system.

The Microstructure of Steatite (Protoenstatite)

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
W. E. Lee ◽  
A. H. Heuer
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Magnesium Silicate ◽  
Beam Current ◽  
Glassy Matrix ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mechanical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Argon Ions ◽  
High Temperature Polymorph

IntroductionTraditional steatite ceramics, made by firing (vitrifying) hydrous magnesium silicate, have long been used as insulators for high frequency applications due to their excellent mechanical and electrical properties. Early x-ray and optical analysis of steatites showed that they were composed largely of protoenstatite (MgSiO3) in a glassy matrix. Recent studies of enstatite-containing glass ceramics have revived interest in the polymorphism of enstatite. Three polymorphs exist, two with orthorhombic and one with monoclinic symmetry (ortho, proto and clino enstatite, respectively). Steatite ceramics are of particular interest a they contain the normally unstable high-temperature polymorph, protoenstatite.Experimental3mm diameter discs cut from steatite rods (∼10” long and 0.5” dia.) were ground, polished, dimpled, and ion-thinned to electron transparency using 6KV Argon ions at a beam current of 1 x 10-3 A and a 12° angle of incidence. The discs were coated with carbon prior to TEM examination to minimize charging effects.

Simulations of high-resolution images of amorphous silicon films

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 544-545
Author(s):  
G. Y. Fan ◽  
J. M. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Fourier Transformation ◽  
Amorphous Materials ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
Frequency Components ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Spatial Frequency Spectrum

It is well known that the structure information on the specimen is not always faithfully transferred through the electron microscope. Firstly, the spatial frequency spectrum is modulated by the transfer function (TF) at the focal plane. Secondly, the spectrum suffers high frequency cut-off by the aperture (or effectively damping terms such as chromatic aberration). While these do not have essential effect on imaging crystal periodicity as long as the low order Bragg spots are inside the aperture, although the contrast may be reversed, they may change the appearance of images of amorphous materials completely. Because the spectrum of amorphous materials is continuous, modulation of it emphasizes some components while weakening others. Especially the cut-off of high frequency components, which contribute to amorphous image just as strongly as low frequency components can have a fundamental effect. This can be illustrated through computer simulation. Imaging of a whitenoise object with an electron microscope without TF limitation gives Fig. 1a, which is obtained by Fourier transformation of a constant amplitude combined with random phases generated by computer.

SEM image sharpness analysis

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 142-143
Author(s):  
M. T. Postek ◽  
A. E. Vladar
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Primary Electron ◽  
Image Sharpness ◽  
Critical Dimensions ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Frequency Changes ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron

Fully automated or semi-automated scanning electron microscopes (SEM) are now commonly used in semiconductor production and other forms of manufacturing. The industry requires that an automated instrument must be routinely capable of 5 nm resolution (or better) at 1.0 kV accelerating voltage for the measurement of nominal 0.25-0.35 micrometer semiconductor critical dimensions. Testing and proving that the instrument is performing at this level on a day-by-day basis is an industry need and concern which has been the object of a study at NIST and the fundamentals and results are discussed in this paper.In scanning electron microscopy, two of the most important instrument parameters are the size and shape of the primary electron beam and any image taken in a scanning electron microscope is the result of the sample and electron probe interaction. The low frequency changes in the video signal, collected from the sample, contains information about the larger features and the high frequency changes carry information of finer details. The sharper the image, the larger the number of high frequency components making up that image. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis of an SEM image can be employed to provide qualitiative and ultimately quantitative information regarding the SEM image quality.

Real Ear Sound Pressure Levels Developed by Three Portable Stereo System Earphones

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail L. MacLean ◽  
Andrew Stuart ◽  
Robert Stenstrom
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Test System ◽  
Output Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Frequency Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels

Differences in real ear sound pressure levels (SPLs) with three portable stereo system (PSS) earphones (supraaural [Sony Model MDR-44], semiaural [Sony Model MDR-A15L], and insert [Sony Model MDR-E225]) were investigated. Twelve adult men served as subjects. Frequency response, high frequency average (HFA) output, peak output, peak output frequency, and overall RMS output for each PSS earphone were obtained with a probe tube microphone system (Fonix 6500 Hearing Aid Test System). Results indicated a significant difference in mean RMS outputs with nonsignificant differences in mean HFA outputs, peak outputs, and peak output frequencies among PSS earphones. Differences in mean overall RMS outputs were attributed to differences in low-frequency effects that were observed among the frequency responses of the three PSS earphones. It is suggested that one cannot assume equivalent real ear SPLs, with equivalent inputs, among different styles of PSS earphones.

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