scholarly journals Multinomial Choice with Social Interactions: Occupations in Victorian London

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
José-Alberto Guerra ◽  
Myra Mohnen
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Occupational Choice ◽  
Rational Expectations ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Unique Equilibrium ◽  
Strength Of Ties ◽  
Multinomial Choice

We study the importance of social interactions on the occupational choice in Victorian London using a multinomial choice model within an incomplete social network. Individuals form heterogeneous rational expectations about their peers' behaviors taking into account their characteristics and the strength of their ties. We show the conditions under which the endogenous, exogenous and correlated effects can be identified and a unique equilibrium can be established. Using a novel dataset, we proxy social groups by parish boundaries and strength of ties by geographic distances. Our results show the importance of the endogenous effects and reveal distinct effects by occupation.

scholarly journals Intentional gestures predict complex sociality in wild chimpanzee

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ilona Roberts ◽  
Sam George Bradley Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Wild Chimpanzee ◽  
Gestural Communication ◽  
East African ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Rapid Sequence ◽  
The Social ◽  
Made In

AbstractA key challenge for primates is coordinating behavior with conspecifics in large, complex social groups. Gestures play a key role in this process and chimpanzees show considerable flexibility communicating through single gestures, sequences of gestures interspersed with periods of response waiting (persistence) and rapid sequences where gestures are made in quick succession, too rapid for the response waiting to have occurred. Previous studies examined behavioral reactions to single gestures and sequences, but whether this complexity is associated with more complex sociality at the level of the dyad partner and the group as a whole is not well understood. We used social network analysis to examine how the production of single gestures and sequences of gestures was related to the duration of time spent in proximity and individual differences in proximity in wild East African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Pairs of chimpanzees that spent a longer duration of time in proximity had higher rates of persistence, but not a higher rate of single gesture or rapid sequences. Central individuals in the social network received higher rates of persistence, but not rapid sequence or single gesture. Intentional gestural communication plays an important role in regulating social interactions in complex primate societies.

scholarly journals Prospects for the Analysis and Reduction of Damaging Behaviour in Group-Housed Livestock, With Application to Pig Breeding

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurianne Canario ◽  
Piter Bijma ◽  
Ingrid David ◽  
Irene Camerlink ◽  
Alexandre Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Network Analysis ◽  
Missing Data ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Capture Recapture

Innovations in the breeding and management of pigs are needed to improve the performance and welfare of animals raised in social groups, and in particular to minimise biting and damage to group mates. Depending on the context, social interactions between pigs can be frequent or infrequent, aggressive, or non-aggressive. Injuries or emotional distress may follow. The behaviours leading to damage to conspecifics include progeny savaging, tail, ear or vulva biting, and excessive aggression. In combination with changes in husbandry practices designed to improve living conditions, refined methods of genetic selection may be a solution reducing these behaviours. Knowledge gaps relating to lack of data and limits in statistical analyses have been identified. The originality of this paper lies in its proposal of several statistical methods for common use in analysing and predicting unwanted behaviours, and for genetic use in the breeding context. We focus on models of interaction reflecting the identity and behaviour of group mates which can be applied directly to damaging traits, social network analysis to define new and more integrative traits, and capture-recapture analysis to replace missing data by estimating the probability of behaviours. We provide the rationale for each method and suggest they should be combined for a more accurate estimation of the variation underlying damaging behaviours.

35 Social Contact Mode and 15-Year Episodic Memory Trajectories in Older Adults with and Without Hearing Loss: the Elsa Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i7-i11
Author(s):  
S Rafnsson ◽  
A Maharani ◽  
G Tampubolon
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Impaired Hearing ◽  
Contact Mode

Abstract Introduction Frequent social contact benefits cognition in later life although evidence is lacking on the potential importance of the modes chosen by older adults for interacting with others in their social network. Method 11,513 participants in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) provided baseline information on hearing status and social contact mode and frequency of use. Multilevel growth curve models compared episodic memory (immediate and delayed recall) at baseline and long-term in participants who interacted frequently (offline only or offline and online combined), compared to infrequently, with others in their social network. Results Frequent offline (β = 0.29; p < 0.05) and combined offline and online (β = 0.76; p < 0.001) social interactions predicted better episodic memory after adjustment for multiple confounding factors. We observed positive long-term influences of combined offline and online interactions on memory in participants without hearing loss (β = 0.48, p = 0.001) but not of strictly offline interactions (β = 0.00, p = 0.970). In those with impaired hearing, long-term memory was positively influenced by both modes of engagement (offline only: β = 0.93, p < 0.001; combined online and offline: β = 1.47, p < 0.001). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings. Conclusion Supplementing conventional social interactions with online communication modes may help older adults, especially those living with hearing loss, sustain, and benefit cognitively from, personal relationships.

scholarly journals The switching mechanisms of social network densification

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teruyoshi Kobayashi ◽  
Mathieu Génois
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Regime Switching ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Social ◽  
Switching Property ◽  
Distinctive Type ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractDensification and sparsification of social networks are attributed to two fundamental mechanisms: a change in the population in the system, and/or a change in the chances that people in the system are connected. In theory, each of these mechanisms generates a distinctive type of densification scaling, but in reality both types are generally mixed. Here, we develop a Bayesian statistical method to identify the extent to which each of these mechanisms is at play at a given point in time, taking the mixed densification scaling as input. We apply the method to networks of face-to-face interactions of individuals and reveal that the main mechanism that causes densification and sparsification occasionally switches, the frequency of which depending on the social context. The proposed method uncovers an inherent regime-switching property of network dynamics, which will provide a new insight into the mechanics behind evolving social interactions.

Why Do People Stay Poor?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Balboni ◽  
Oriana Bandiera ◽  
Robin Burgess ◽  
Maitreesh Ghatak ◽  
Anton Heil
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Choice ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Poverty Traps ◽  
Asset Transfer ◽  
Small Livestock ◽  
Program Costs ◽  
Almost All

Abstract There are two broad views as to why people stay poor. One emphasizes differences in fundamentals, such as ability, talent, or motivation. The other, the poverty traps view, emphasizes differences in opportunities which stem from access to wealth. To test between these two views, we exploit a large-scale, randomized asset transfer and an 11-year panel of 6,000 households who begin in extreme poverty. The setting is rural Bangladesh and the assets are cows. The data supports the poverty traps view—we identify a threshold level of initial assets above which households accumulate assets, take on better occupations (from casual labor in agriculture or domestic services to running small livestock businesses), and grow out of poverty. The reverse happens for those below the threshold. Structural estimation of an occupational choice model reveals that almost all beneficiaries are misallocated in the work they do at baseline and that the gains arising from eliminating misallocation would far exceed the program costs. Our findings imply that large transfers which create better jobs for the poor are an effective means of getting people out of poverty traps and reducing global poverty.

scholarly journals Loss Aversion and Consumption Choice: Theory and Experimental Evidence

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiko Karle ◽  
Georg Kirchsteiger ◽  
Martin Peitz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Rational Expectations ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Price Uncertainty ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

We analyze a consumer-choice model with price uncertainty, loss aversion, and expectation-based reference points. The implications of this model are tested in an experiment in which participants have to make a consumption choice between two sandwiches. Participants differ in their reported taste for the two sandwiches and in their degree of loss aversion, which we measure separately. We find that more-loss-averse participants are more likely to opt for the cheaper sandwich, in line with theoretical predictions. The estimates in the model with rational expectations are slightly more significant than those with naïve expectations. (JEL D11, D12, D84, M31)

scholarly journals Heterarchy Reveals Social Organization of a Smooth Stingray (Bathytoshia brevicaudata) Population in a Provisioned Food Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joni Pini-Fitzsimmons ◽  
Nathan A. Knott ◽  
Culum Brown
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
Dominant Individual ◽  
Complex Social Behavior ◽  
Provisioned Food

The advent of new technologies and statistical analyses has provided valuable insights into chondrichthyan social behavior. It has become apparent that sharks and rays lead more complex social lives than previously believed. Heterarchy combines hierarchy and social network theory and although it is not a new concept, it is rarely applied to animal social interactions. Here, we applied heterarchy to a case study involving smooth stingrays foraging for fish scraps at boat ramp in Jervis Bay, NSW Australia. We took advantage of their attraction to this site to examine their social behavior during agonistic interactions over the provisioned resource. We observed a stable, relatively linear but shallow dominance hierarchy that was highly transitive dominated by a single individual. Social network analysis revealed a non-random social network centered on the dominant individual. Contrary to previous research, size did not predict dominance, but it was correlated with network centrality. The factors determining dominance of lower ranks were difficult to discern, which is characteristic of despotic societies. This study provides the first heterarchical assessment of stingray sociality, and suggests this species is capable of complex social behavior. Given higher dominance and centrality relate to greater access to the provisioned resource, the observed social structure likely has fitness implications.

scholarly journals Who comes to mind? Dynamic construction of social networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Bayer ◽  
Neil Anthony Lewis ◽  
Jonathan Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Real World ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Personal Relationships ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Relational Structures ◽  
Network Technologies

Much remains unknown about moment-to-moment social-network cognition — that is, who comes to mind as we go about our day-to-day lives. Responding to this void, we describe the real-time construction of cognitive social networks. First, we outline the types of relational structures that comprise momentary networks, distinguishing the roles of personal relationships, social groups, and mental sets. Second, we discuss the cognitive mechanisms that determine which individuals are activated — and which are neglected — through a dynamic process. Looking forward, we contend that these overlooked mechanisms need to be considered in light of emerging network technologies. Finally, we chart the next steps for understanding social-network cognition across real-world contexts, along with the built-in implications for social resources and intergroup disparities.

The Algorithm Study of Support Vector Machine Based on Social Network of Public Opinions

2014 ◽  
Vol 513-517 ◽  
pp. 2394-2397
Author(s):  
Hong Biao Xie ◽  
Hong Jun Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Text Classification ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Classification Problem ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Svm Algorithm ◽  
Network Link

Public opinion refers to the certain social groups subjective reflection of certain social phenomena and reality within a period of time. The important measures to maintain social stability and the ruling party's ruling safety are to instantly master the dynamic public opinion and to actively guide social public opinion. In this paper, the author found the model of social network public opinion hotspot issues. The SVM algorithm is adopted to improve the information processing and analysis testing, effectively resolving the text classification problem. It verifies that this method plays an important role in the hot issues analyses of the network link.

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