scholarly journals Lead and Juvenile Delinquency: New Evidence from Linked Birth, School, and Juvenile Detention Records

2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Aizer ◽  
Janet Currie
Keyword(s):  
Rhode Island ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Juvenile Detention ◽  
Omitted Variables ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Evidence

Using a unique data set linking preschool blood lead levels, birth, school, and detention records for 125,000 children born between 1990 and 2004 in Rhode Island, we estimate the impact of lead on school suspension and juvenile detention. Sibling fixed-effect models suggest that omitted variables related to family disadvantage do not bias OLS estimates. However, measurement error does. We use IV methods that exploit local (within-neighborhood), variation in lead exposure deriving from road proximity and the deleading of gasoline. For boys, a 1 unit increase in lead increased the probability of suspension from school by 6% and detention by 57%.

Agglomeration and Firm Performance: Economies of Scale, Localisation, and Urbanisation among Swedish Export Firms

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Malmberg ◽  
Bo Malmberg ◽  
Per Lundequist
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Scale Economies ◽  
Agglomeration Economies ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Industrial Districts ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
The Impact

In the 1990s, there has been an increase in interest in the spatial agglomeration of similar and related firms and industries. The recent literature is, however, marked by a lack of balance between theoretical development and empirical validation of the importance of agglomeration economies. Our aim in this paper is to redress the balance by assessing empirically the impact of various types of agglomeration economies on export performance. Our study is based on a unique data set including all Swedish export firms. We find that localisation economies are not as important as recent theoretical contributions on industrial districts, new industrial spaces, and innovative milieus have led us to believe. Instead, traditional scale economies, together with urbanisation economies, have a larger effect on export performance.

Does development reduce fatalities from natural disasters? New evidence for floods

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 649-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Ferreira ◽  
Kirk Hamilton ◽  
Jeffrey R. Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Flood Magnitude ◽  
Lower Income Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Large Floods

AbstractWe analyze the impact of development on flood fatalities using a new data set of 2,171 large floods in 92 countries between 1985 and 2008. Our results challenge the conventional wisdom that development results in fewer fatalities during natural disasters. Results indicating that higher income and better governance reduce fatalities during flood events do not hold up when unobserved country heterogeneity and within-country correlation of standard errors are taken into account. We find that income does have a significant, indirect effect on flood fatalities by affecting flood frequency and flood magnitude, but this effect is nonmonotonic, with net reductions in fatalities occurring only in lower income countries. We find little evidence that improved governance affects flood fatalities either directly or indirectly.

The Impact of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 on Trends in Federal Sex Trafficking Cases

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 823-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shana M. Judge ◽  
Blake Boursaw
Keyword(s):  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Trafficking Victims Protection Act ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Criminal Charges ◽  
Trafficking Victims ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Evidence

In this study, we addressed the need for empirical research on human trafficking by compiling unique data relating to criminal charges filed in federal judicial districts and using these data to examine trends in sex trafficking-related cases, as well as the impact on those trends of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA). Results from our regression models indicate that the proportion of all charges filed by federal prosecutors that involved sex trafficking and related cases increased significantly between 1994 and 2007. The rate of increase, however, slowed in the time period following the passage of the TVPA, suggesting that the TVPA may have helped to mitigate increases in new cases. In addition, our results show statistically significant inverse relationships between immigration and sex trafficking-related charges filed, providing new evidence to support the possibility that some sex trafficking-related cases may be being prosecuted as immigration cases instead.

Long-Term Trends in Blood Lead Levels Among Children in Chicago: Relationship to Air Lead Levels

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
Edward B. Hayes ◽  
Hyman G. Orbach ◽  
Alina M. Fernandez ◽  
Sheila Lyne ◽  
Thomas D. Matte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Blood Lead Level ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Level Of Concern ◽  
The Impact

Objectives. To evaluate trends in blood lead levels among children in Chicago from 1968 through 1988, and to determine the impact of the changes in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) blood lead level of concern. Methods. We reviewed a systematic sample of blood lead screening records of the Chicago Department of Health Laboratory for high-risk children aged 6 months to 5 years. Median blood lead levels for each quarter of the years 1974 through 1988 were determined and regressed against mean air lead levels recorded at air-monitoring stations in Chicago during the same period. Results. Median blood lead levels declined from 30 µg/dL in 1968 to 12 µg/dL in 1988, and were strongly associated with declining average air lead levels (r = .8, P < .001) from 1974 through 1988. A regression model using log-transformed data predicted a decline of 0.56 µg/dL in the median blood lead level with each 0.1 µg/m3 decline in the mean air lead level when the air lead level was near 1.0 µg/m3; the predicted slope was steeper at lower air lead levels. Despite the nearly 20-fold reduction in air lead levels, the median blood lead level of 12 µg/dL in 1988 indicates substantial continuing lead exposure. The CDC blood lead level of concern was lowered twice from 1968 to 1988, but due to the decline in blood lead levels, fewer than 30% of the children were above the level of concern throughout most of the study. Conclusion. Although substantial lead exposure persists in Chicago, reductions in airborne lead emissions seem to have contributed to a long-term decline in the median blood lead level of high-risk Chicago children.

THE IMPACT OF RESIDENTIAL SOURCES OF LEAD ON BLOOD LEAD LEVELS OF YOUNG CHILDREN IN MONTRÉAL, QUÉBEC (CANADA)

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Levallois ◽  
Julie Saint-Laurent ◽  
Denis Gauvin ◽  
Marilène Courteau ◽  
Michèle Prévost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The Modelling of Pedestrian Vehicle Interaction for Post-Exiting Behaviour

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Pellacini ◽  
Peter Lawrence ◽  
Edwin Galea
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Simulation Tool ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
The People ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
The Impact

During a major evacuation of high capacity buildings, such as a tower block or transportation hub, the emergency services will need to consider the safety of the people within the vicinity of the emergency. However, in general, when assessing the safety of a building for evacuation only the behaviour within the building is considered. One method of assessing this is to utilise a computer based simulation tool. This research outlines a number of developments required to simulate the impact of traffic on the evacuation process in an urban environment in relation to post-exiting behaviour. It uses a unique data set and model capabilities for representing pedestrian-vehicle interaction post-evacuation, which also considers the impact of time pressures on decision making. In addition, a number of software developments and pedestrian behaviours are identified for bridging the behavioural gaps when interfacing an emergency pedestrian model with a traffic simulation.

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